List of Tables, Maps, and Figures vii
Note on Transliteration ix
1 Introduction 4
2 Setting the Stage: Jewish Ghettos during the Holocaust 21
3 What Did the Jews Know? 51
4 Cooperation and Collaboration 69
5 Coping and Compliance 98
6 Evasion 126
7 Resistance 159
8 Conclusions 191
Appendix 1 Data and Archival Methods 199
Appendix 2 Distribution of Strategies 208
Appendix 3 Beyond the Three Ghettos: Econometric Analysis of Uprisings 212
Notes 223
Abbreviations 245
Bibliography 247
Glossary 263
Acknowledgments 265
Index 269

How Jewish responses during the Holocaust shed new light on the dynamics of genocide and political violence
Focusing on the choices and actions of Jews during the Holocaust, Ordinary Jews examines the different patterns of behavior of civilians targeted by mass violence. Relying on rich archival material and hundreds of survivors' testimonies, Evgeny Finkel presents a new framework for understanding the survival strategies in which Jews engaged: cooperation and collaboration, coping and compliance, evasion, and resistance. Finkel compares Jews' behavior in three Jewish ghettos-Minsk, Kraków, and Bialystok-and shows that Jews' responses to Nazi genocide varied based on their experiences with prewar policies that either promoted or discouraged their integration into non-Jewish society.
Finkel demonstrates that while possible survival strategies were the same for everyone, individuals' choices varied across and within communities. In more cohesive and robust Jewish communities, coping-confronting the danger and trying to survive without leaving-was more organized and successful, while collaboration with the Nazis and attempts to escape the ghetto were minimal. In more heterogeneous Jewish communities, collaboration with the Nazis was more pervasive, while coping was disorganized. In localities with a history of peaceful interethnic relations, evasion was more widespread than in places where interethnic relations were hostile. State repression before WWII, to which local communities were subject, determined the viability of anti-Nazi Jewish resistance.
Exploring the critical influences shaping the decisions made by Jews in Nazi-occupied eastern Europe, Ordinary Jews sheds new light on the dynamics of collective violence and genocide.

Evgeny Finkel is associate professor of international affairs at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies.