Grazina Rozinska, 'Mathematics for Astronomy' at the Universities in the Era of Copernicus: Modern Attitudes toward Ancient Problems José Chabás, The University of Salamanca and the Renaissance of Astronomy during the Second half of the Fifteenth Century Luis García Ballester, Medical Science and Medical Teaching at the University of Salamanca in the Fifteenth Century José M. López Piñero, The Faculty of Medicine of Valencia: Its Position in Renaissance Europe Víctor Navarro-Brotóns, The cultivation of astronomy in Spanish universities in the latter half of the 16th century Roger Ariew, The Sphere of Jacques du Chevreul: Astronomy at the University of Paris in the 1620s Maija Kallinen, Lectures and Practices: The Variety of Mathematical and Mechanical Teaching at the University of Uppsala in the Seventeenth century Maria Teresa Borgato, Mathematical Research in Early Modern Italian Universities Luigi Pepe, Universities, Academies and Sciences in Early Modern Italy Luís Miguel Carolino and Henrique Leitão, Natural Philosophy and Mathematics in Portuguese Universities, 1550-1650 Piero del Negro, Venetian Policy toward the University of Padua and Scientific Progress during the Eighteenth Century Paul Wood, Candide in Caledonia: The Culture of Science in the Scottish Universities, 1690-1805 Ugo Baldini, The Sciences at the University of Rome in the Eighteenth Century José Luis Peset, Enlightenment and Renovation in the Spanish University Antonio García Belmar and José Ramón Bertomeu Sánchez, Chemistry Textbooks and the Teaching of Chemistry in Late Eighteenth-Century Spain: Building a New Genre of Scientific Literature Cristina Sendra-Mocholí, Botany in University Studies in thelate 18th Century. The Case of Valencia University Agustí Nieto-Galan and Antoni Roca-Rosell, Scientific Education and the Crisis of the University in Eighteenth-Century Barcelona Luis Carlos Arboleda Aparicio and Diana Soto Arango, The Theories of Copernicus and Newton in the Viceroyship of Nueva Granada and the Audiencia de Caracas during the Eighteenth Century

This book includes most of the contributions presented at a conference on "Univ- sities and Science in the Early Modern Period" held in 1999 in Valencia, Spain. The conference was part of the "Five Centuries of the Life of the University of Valencia" (Cinc Segles) celebrations, and from the outset we had the generous support of the "Patronato" (Foundation) overseeing the events. In recent decades, as a result of a renewed attention to the institutional, political, social, and cultural context of scienti?c activity, we have witnessed a reappraisal of the role of the universities in the construction and development of early modern science. In essence, the following conclusions have been reached: (1) the attitudes regarding scienti?c progress or novelty differed from country to country and follow differenttrajectoriesinthecourseoftheearlymodernperiod;(2)institutionsofhigher learning were the main centers of education for most scientists; (3) although the universities were sometimes slow to assimilate new scienti?c knowledge, when they didsoithelpednotonlytoremovethesuspicionthatthenewsciencewasintellectually subversivebutalsotomakesciencearespectableandevenprestigiousactivity;(4)the universities gave the scienti?c movement considerable material support in the form of research facilities such as anatomical theaters, botanical gardens, and expensive instruments; (5) the universities provided professional employment and a means of support to many scientists; and (6) although the relations among the universities and the academies or scienti?c societies were sometimes antagonistic, the two types of institutionsoftenworkedtogetherinharmony,performingcomplementaryratherthan competing functions; moreover, individuals moved from one institution to another, as did knowledge, methods, and scienti?c practices.