With the invitation to edit this volume, I wanted to take the opportunity to assemble reviews on different aspects of circadian clocks and rhythms. Although most c- tributions in this volume focus on mammalian circadian clocks, the historical int- duction and comparative clocks section illustrate the importance of various other organisms in deciphering the mechanisms and principles of circadian biology. Circadian rhythms have been studied for centuries, but only recently, a mole- lar understanding of this process has emerged. This has taken research on circadian clocks from mystic phenomenology to a mechanistic level; chains of molecular events can describe phenomena with remarkable accuracy. Nevertheless, current models of the functioning of circadian clocks are still rudimentary. This is not due to the faultiness of discovered mechanisms, but due to the lack of undiscovered processes involved in contributing to circadian rhythmicity. We know for example, that the general circadian mechanism is not regulated equally in all tissues of m- mals. Hence, a lot still needs to be discovered to get a full understanding of cir- dian rhythms at the systems level. In this respect, technology has advanced at high speed in the last years and provided us with data illustrating the sheer complexity of regulation of physiological processes in organisms. To handle this information, computer aided integration of the results is of utmost importance in order to d- cover novel concepts that ultimately need to be tested experimentally.

A History of Chronobiological Concepts.- Transcriptional Regulation of Circadian Clocks.- Posttranslational Regulation of Circadian Clocks.- Nonimage Forming Photoreceptors.- Circadian Clocks and Metabolism.- Circadian Clock, Cell Cycle and Cancer.- Comparative Clocks.- Circadian Neural Networks.- The Circadian Clock and the Homeostatic Hourglass: Two Timepieces Controlling Sleep and Wakefulness.- Clocks, Brain Function, and Dysfunction.- Systems Biology and Modeling of Circadian Rhythms.