Post-translational modifications serve many different purposes in several cellular processes such as gene expression, protein folding and transport to appropriate cell compartment, protein-lipid and protein-protein interactions, enzyme regulation, signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation, protein stability, recycling and degradation. Although several-hundred different modifications are known, the significance of many of them remains unknown. The enormous versatility of the modifications which frequently alter the physico-chemical properties of the respective proteins represents an extraordinary challenge in understanding their physiological role. Since essential cellular functions are regulated by protein modifications, an improvement of current understanding of their meaning might allow new avenues to prevent and/or alleviate human and animal diseases.

Isoprenoid Modifications.- GPI-Anchored Proteins in Health and Disease.- Protein Oxidation.- Involvement of S-Nitrosylation in Neurodegeneration.- Protein Glycosylation, and Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation.- Defective Glycosylation of Dystroglycan in Muscular Dystrophy and Cancer.- Protein kinase A: The Enzyme and Cyclic AMP Signaling.- The Protein Kinase C Family: Key Regulators Bridging Signaling Pathways in Skin and Tumor Epithelia.- Maintaining Energy Balance in Health and Disease: Role of AMP-activated Protein Kinase.- Protein Phosphatases in the Brain: Regulation, Function and Disease.- Covalent Protein Modification as a Mechanism for Dynamic Recruitment of Specific Interactors.- Regulation of Gene Expression by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Implications for Neurological Disease.- Small Ubiquitin-like Modifiers and other Ubiquitin-like Proteins.- ER-associated Degradation and its Involvement in Human Disease: Insights from Yeast.- Regulation of Chromatin Structure and Transcription via Histone Modifications.- Chromatin: the Entry to and Exit from DNA Repair.- Poly(ADP-rybosyl)ation of Chromosomal Proteins: Epigenetic Regulation and Human Genomic Integrity in Health and Disease.- Post-translational Proteolytic Processing on Intracellular Proteins by Cathepsins and Cystatins.- Metalloproteases and Proteolytic Processing.