JACOB A. MOULIJN, MICHIEL MAKKEE and ANNELIES E. VAN DIEPEN
Catalysis Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

Preface xiii
1 Introduction 1
References 6
General Literature 6
2 The Chemical Industry 7
2.1 A Brief History 7
2.2 Structure of the Chemical Industry 13
2.3 Raw Materials and Energy 16
2.4 Base Chemicals 35
2.5 Global Trends in the Chemical Industry 37
References 39
General Literature 40
3 Processes in the Oil Refinery 41
3.1 The Oil Refinery . An Overview 41
3.2 Physical Processes 42
3.3 Thermal Processes 46
3.4 Catalytic Processes 49
3.5 Current and Future Trends in Oil Refining 91
References 96
4 Production of Light Alkenes 99
4.1 Introduction 99
4.2 Cracking Reactions 100
4.3 The Industrial Process 103
4.4 Product Processing 111
4.5 Novel Developments 113
References 123
5 Production of Synthesis Gas 127
5.1 Introduction 127
5.2 Synthesis Gas from Natural Gas 129
5.3 Coal Gasification 142
5.4 Cleaning and Conditioning of Synthesis Gas 161
References 168
6 Bulk Chemicals and Synthetic Fuels Derived from Synthesis Gas 171
6.1 Ammonia 171
6.2 Methanol 191
6.3 Synthetic Fuels and Fuel Additives 201
References 218
7 Processes for the Conversion of Biomass 221
7.1 Introduction 221
7.2 Production of Biofuels 223
7.3 Production of Bio-based Chemicals 231
7.4 The Biorefinery 236
7.5 Conclusions 246
References 246
8 Inorganic Bulk Chemicals 249
8.1 The Inorganic Chemicals Industry 249
8.2 Sulfuric Acid 250
8.3 Sulfur Production 256
8.4 Nitric Acid 260
8.5 Chlorine 268
References 274
9 Homogeneous Transition Metal Catalysis in the Production of Bulk Chemicals 275
9.1 Introduction 275
9.2 Acetic Acid Production 278
9.3 Hydroformylation 286
9.4 Ethene Oligomerization and More 297
9.5 Oxidation of p-Xylene: Dimethyl Terephthalate and Terephthalic Acid Production 301
9.6 Review of Reactors Used in Homogeneous Catalysis 305
9.7 Approaches for Catalyst/Product Separation 308
References 311
10 Heterogeneous Catalysis - Concepts and Examples 313
10.1 Introduction 313
10.2 Catalyst Design 314
10.3 Reactor Types and Their Characteristics 316
10.4 Shape Selectivity . Zeolites 323
10.5 Some Challenges and (Unconventional) Solutions 334
10.6 Monolith Reactors . Automotive Emission Control 344
References 354
General Literature 355
11 Production of Polymers . Polyethene 357
11.1 Introduction 357
11.2 Polymerization Reactions 357
11.3 Polyethenes - Background Information 363
11.4 Processes for the Production of Polyethenes 366
References 375
12 Production of Fine Chemicals 377
12.1 Introduction 377
12.2 Role of Catalysis 380
12.3 Solvents 394
12.4 Production Plants 398
12.5 Batch Reactor Selection 407
12.6 Batch Reactor Scale-up Effects 411
12.7 Safety Aspects of Fine Chemicals 416
References 419
13 Biotechnology 423
13.1 Introduction 423
13.2 Principles of Fermentation Technology 424
13.3 Cell Biomass . Bakers' Yeast Production 433
13.4 Metabolic Products . Biomass as Source of Renewable Energy 435
13.5 Environmental Application - Wastewater Treatment 438
13.6 Enzyme Technology - Biocatalysts for Transformations 445
References 452
General Literature 453
14 Process Intensification 455
14.1 Introduction 455
14.2 Structured Catalytic Reactors 459
14.3 Multifunctional Reactors/Reactive Separation 472
References 482
15 Process Development 485
15.1 Dependence of Strategy on Product Type and Raw Materials 485
15.2 The Course of Process Development 487
15.3 Development of Individual Steps 489
15.4 Scale-up 499
15.5 Safety and Loss Prevention 505
15.6 Process Evaluation 514
15.7 Current and Future Trends 526
References 528
General Literature 529
Magazines 529
Appendix A Chemical Industry . Figures 531
Appendix B Main Symbols Used in Flow Schemes 535
Index 539

With a focus on actual industrial processes, e.g. the production of light alkenes, synthesis gas, fine chemicals, polyethene, it encourages the reader to think "out of the box" and invent and develop novel unit operations and processes. Reflecting today's emphasis on sustainability, this edition contains new coverage of biomass as an alternative to fossil fuels, and process intensification.
The second edition includes:
* New chapters on Process Intensification and Processes for the Conversion of Biomass
* Updated and expanded chapters throughout with 35% new material overall
* Text boxes containing case studies and examples from various different industries, e.g. synthesis loop designs, Sasol I Plant, Kaminsky catalysts, production of Ibuprofen, click chemistry, ammonia synthesis, fluid catalytic cracking
* Questions throughout to stimulate debate and keep students awake!
* Richly illustrated chapters with improved figures and flow diagrams
Chemical Process Technology, Second Edition is a comprehensive introduction, linking the fundamental theory and concepts to the applied nature of the subject. It will be invaluable to students of chemical engineering, biotechnology and industrial chemistry, as well as practising chemical engineers.
From reviews of the first edition:
"The authors have blended process technology, chemistry and thermodynamics in an elegant manner... Overall this is a welcome addition to books on chemical technology." - The Chemist
"Impressively wide-ranging and comprehensive... an excellent textbook for students, with a combination of fundamental knowledge and technology." - Chemistry in Britain (now Chemistry World)