James C. Scotts discussion of hidden transcripts of defiance or resistance among subordinate groups has been taken up by scholars who claim to detect elements of defiant transcripts in biblical texts. In Rumors of Resistance, Amanda C. Miller uses Scotts theory to explain tensions within the narrative of the Gospel of Luke. Miller concludes that Lukes audience would have been challenged to resist the dominant values of Roman imperial culture even as the narrative framework of Luke partially obscures that transcript.