Edward S. Shapiro, PhD, until his death in 2016, was Director of the Center for Promoting Research to Practice and Professor in the School Psychology Program at Lehigh University. Best known for his work in curriculum-based assessment and nonstandardized methods of assessing academic skills problems, Dr. Shapiro was the author or coauthor of numerous books and other publications, and presented papers, chaired symposia, and delivered invited addresses at conferences around the world. Dr. Shapiro's contributions to the field of school psychology have been recognized with the Outstanding Contributions to Training Award from Trainers of School Psychologists, the Distinguished Contribution to School Psychology Award from the Pennsylvania Psychological Association, the Eleanor and Joseph Lipsch Research Award from Lehigh University, and the Senior Scientist Award from the Division of School Psychology of the American Psychological Association, among other honors.
Nathan H. Clemens, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Special Education and Dean's Distinguished Faculty Fellow at The University of Texas at Austin. He is a member of the Board of Directors of the Meadows Center for Preventing Educational Risk. Dr. Clemens's research is focused on intervention and assessment for students with learning difficulties, with an emphasis on word reading difficulties among students in early elementary grades and reading comprehension difficulties for students in secondary grades. He has published over 60 peer-reviewed journal articles and chapters in edited books and is leading several federally funded research projects investigating interventions for academic skills. Dr. Clemens is a recipient of the Outstanding Dissertation Award and the Lightner Witmer Award for Early Career Scholarship from the Division of School Psychology of the American Psychological Association.

Introduction
Step 1: Assessing the Academic Environment
- Teacher Interview
- Student Interview
- Direct Observation: Manual for the Behavioral Observation of Students in Schools (BOSS)
- Direct Observation: Behavioral Observation of Students in Schools--Modified (BOSS-M)
Step 2: Assessing Instructional Placement
- Reading
- Math
- Spelling
- Written Language
- Summary Form for Academic Assessment
Step 3: Instructional Modification
- The Incremental Rehearsal Technique
- Cover--Copy--Compare
Step 4: Progress Monitoring
- Graphing Data
- Developing Local Norms
- Tools for Multi-Tiered Systems of Support: Data-Based Decision Making
References

Updated in conjunction with Academic Skills Problems, Fifth Edition, the companion workbook contains reproducible forms discussed in the text as well as additional useful materials for direct assessment, intervention planning, and data-based decision making.