Immunological memory has fascinated microbiologists and immunologists for decades as one of the new frontiers to conquer to better understand the response to pathogens, cancer and vaccination. Over the past decade, attention has turned to the intrinsic properties of the memory T cells themselves, as it has become clear that the eradication of both infected cells and tumors requires T cells. This book is an attempt to capture the wave of discoveries associated with these recent studies. Its chapters represent a wide collection of topics related to memory T cells by laboratories that have invested their skills and knowledge to understand the biology and the principles upon which memory T cells are generated, maintained and expanded upon re-encounter with antigen. Ultimately, these studies are all aimed at a better understanding of the function of memory T cells in protection against disease.

Maurizio Zanetti, MD, is a Professor of Medicine at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), and member of the Moores UCSD Cancer Center. He is the Director of the Immunology laboratory at the Moores UCSD Cancer Center as well as of the Graduate Course in Immunology at UCSD. Main interests include the generation and maintenance of memory T cells with protective value
against disease. These responses are studied with respect to cancer and influenza virus infection. His work in humans is devoted to to the immunology of telomerase reverse transcriptase, a prototype universal cancer antigen. He served in the program Committee of the American Society of Immunology, and as Associate Editor for the Journal of Immunology and Cellular Immunology. He is a member of the American
Association of Immunologists and American Society for Clinical Investigation. He received his MD from the University of Padova, Italy.
Stephen P. Schoenberger, PhD, is a member in the Laboratory of Cellular
Immunology at the La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology and adjunct faculty in the division of Hematology and Oncology at the University of California at San Diego School of Medicine. His main research interests include CD8+ T-cell immune
memory and antigen presentation cell function. He is a member of the editorial advisory board of Journal of Experimental Medicine, and Associate Editor at the Journal of Immunology, and is a member of numerous national and international scientific organizations including the Dutch Immunology Society, The American
Association of Immunologists. He received his PhD from the University of California in Los Angeles, USA.

1. Memory Th1/Th2 Cell Generation Controlled by Schnurri?2
Toshinori Nakayama and Motoko Y. Kimura
Abstract
Introduction
Schnurri Family Genes
Shn?3
Shn?2
Role of Shn?2 in Naïve CD4 T and Effector Th2 Cells
Role of Shn?2 in The Generation of Memory Th1/Th2 Cells
NF??B Overexpression in Effector Th Cells Results in the Decreased Generation of Memory Th Cells
Interesting Questions Raised by the Study on Shn?2
Conclusion
2. Transcriptional Regulat ion during CD8 T?Cell Imune Responses
Ivana Munitic, César Evaristo, Hsueh Cheng Sung and Benedita Rocha
Abstract
The Regulation of Gene Expression: General Rules
The Gene Regulatory Elements Involved in CD8 Responses
Modifications of Gene Expression in CD8 Responses
Different Infections May Induce Different Gene Expression Patterns
The Identification of CD8 Subpopulations: Man and Mouse Differ
Conclusion
3. The Role of Interleukin?2 in Memory CD8 Cell Differentiation
Onur Boyman, Jae?Ho Cho and Jonathan Sprent
Abstract
Introduction
Conclusion
4. The Role of Inflamation in the Generation and Maintenance of Memory T Cells
Noah S. Butler and John T. Harty
Abstract
Introduction
The Role of Inflammation during T?Cell Priming and Expansion
Inflammation and T?Cell Contraction
Inflammation Regulates the Rate of Memory T?Cell Generation
Memory T?Cell Maintenance
Conclusion
5. The Role of OX40 (CD134) in T?Cell Memory Generation
Andrew D. Weinberg
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Role of Ox40/Ox40l Interaction in Memory T?Cell Generation and Function
Providing an Exogenous Ox40 Signal (Ox40 Agonists) to Enhance Memory
T?Cell Generation
Altering Memory T?Cell Generation/Function through the OX40 Axis
for Therapeutic Benefit in Autoimmunity, Cancer and Hosts Harboring
Chronic Pathogens
Conclusion
6. The Role of Precursor Frequency in the Differentiat ion of Memory T Cells: Memory by Numbers
Amanda L. Marzo, Ryan T. Sowell and Bernadette Scott
Abstract
History of Immunological Memory
Inroads intoUnderstanding T Memory Development
Use of TCR Transgenics to Elucidate T?Cell Biology
Precursor Frequency Affects Memory T?cell development
One Cell, Many Fates
Which Are the Better Protectors?
Conclusion
7. CD8 T?Cell Memory Differentiat ion during Acute and Chronic Viral Infections
Vandana Kalia, Surojit Sarkar and Rafi Ahmed
Abstract
Introduction
CD8 T?Cell Responses following Acute Infection
CD8 T?Cell Responses following Persistent Infection
Conclusion
8. Longevity of T?Cell Memory following Acute Viral Infection
Joshua M. Walker and Mark K. Slifka
Abstract
Introduction
Memory T?Cell Responses following Acute Viral Infection
Functional Attributes of Human Memory T Cells
Conclusion
9. Principles of Memory CD8 T?Cells Generation in Relation to Protective Imunity
Maurizio Zanetti, Paola Castiglioni and Elizabeth Ingulli
Abstract
Introduction
T?Cell immunity¿From activation to imprinting T?cell memory
Considerations on the Parameters of the Primary Response That Influence
the Generation of Memory T cells
Memory CD8 T?Cell Subpopulations, Lineage Commitment and Protective
Responses
Memory CD8 T Cells Induced by Low Antigen Dose Vaccination Protect Mice
from Influenza a Virus Infection¿The Role of CD62hi memory
CD8 T (TCM) cells
Central Memory CD8 T Cells Correlate with Protection against SIV in Rhesus Macaques
Principles for Programming Protective T?Cell Responses by Vaccination in the Immunologically Inexperienced Individual
Principles for Reprogramming Protective T?Cell Responses by Vaccination
in the Immunologically Experienced Individual
The Role of Local Immunity in Protection by Memory CD8 T cells
Conclusion
10. Memory T cells in Rhesus Macaques
Monica Vaccari and Genoveffa Franchini
Abstract
Introduction
Memory T cells in Rhesus Macaques
In Vivo Manipulation of Memory T Cells in Non?Human Primates
Differentiation of Memory T?Cells Subsets: Lesson from In Vivo Studies in Non?Human Primates
Aging of T Memory