Glenn P. Hastedt is a professor emeritus of the Justice Studies department at James Madison University (JMU), where he served as the chair. His publications include "American Foreign Policy: Past, Present, and Future" and numerous articles on intelligence in "Intelligence and National Security" and the "International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence". He is a former co-editor of the journal "White House Studies." Dr. Hastedt supports the Northeast Intelligence Community Centers for Academic Excellence.

Preface

1. DEFINING AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY PROBLEMS

On the Agenda: Leaving Afghanistan

Thinking about Foreign Policy Problems

Choices

What Do Americans Want in Foreign Policy?

The National Interest

Costs

Building Consensus

Selecting a Policy Instrument

Hard Power and Soft Power

Unilateral or Multilateral Action

Historical Lesson: Into Afghanistan

Presidential Foreign Policy Doctrines

The Truman Doctrine

The Nixon Doctrine

The Carter Doctrine

The Reagan Doctrine

The Bush Doctrine

In Search of the Trump Doctrine

Is There a Trump Foreign Policy Legacy?

Assessing Foreign Policy Results

Intellectual Coherence

The Dominance of Domestic Politics

Consistency of Application

Over the Horizon: The Future of Grand Strategy

2. THE GLOBAL CONTEXT

On the Agenda: The Ukraine War

Thinking about the World

Realism

Neoliberalism

Constructivism

International System: Structural Constants

Decentralization

Self-Help System

A Stratified System

International System: Evolutionary Trends

Diffusion of Power

Issue Proliferation

Actor Proliferation

Historical Lesson: NATO

Regional Diversity

Dominant Features Today

Terrorism

Globalization

American Hegemony

America and the World: Attitudes and Perceptions

Over the Horizon: 2040

3. THE AMERICAN NATIONAL STYLE

On the Agenda: The Mexican Border

The Importance of Ideas

Isolationism versus Internationalism

Historical Sources of the American National Style

Patterns

Unilateralism

Moral Pragmatism

Legalism

Consequences of the American National Style

Historical Lesson: The Bracero Program

Voices from the Past

Over the Horizon: A Millennial Foreign Policy?

4. LEARNING FROM THE PAST

On the Agenda: Covid-19

How Do Policy Makers Learn from the Past?

Events From Which Policy Makers Learn

Types of Calculations Made

Lessons Learned

Historical Lesson: Ebola

Case Studies

The Vietnam War

The Iraq War

Over the Horizon: Searching for Lessons from Afghanistan

5. SOCIETY

On the Agenda: Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft

Public Awareness of Foreign Policy Issues

Public Opinion

Trends and Content

Public Opinion and the Use of Force

Impact of Public Opinion

Elections

Voting and Foreign Policy

Impact of Elections

Interest Groups

Historical Lesson: America First Committee, 1940

Types of Interest Groups

Impact of Interest Groups

Political Protest

The Media and American Foreign Policy

Newspapers and Television

The New Media and American Foreign Policy

Shaping the Public's View

States and Cities: The New Foreign Policy Battleground

Policy Makers' Responses

Over the Horizon: An Intelligence-Industrial Complex?

6. CONGRESS

On the Agenda: Aid for Ukraine

Constitutional Powers

Treaty-Making Power

Appointment Powers

War Powers

Historical Lesson: War Powers Act

Commerce Powers

Congressional Structure and Foreign Policy

Blunt Foreign Policy Tools

The Absence of a Single Voice

Policy Entrepreneurship

Staff Aides

Influence of Party and Region

Outsourcing Foreign Policy

Congress and the President: The Changing Relationship

Over the Horizon: A New War Powers Act?

7. PRESIDENCY

On the Agenda: Biden's First 100 Days

Historical Lesson: John F. Kennedy's First 100 Days

Weak President or Strong President

Presidential Power and Supreme Court Decisions

The President and the Foreign Affairs Constitution

Executive Agreements

Signing Statements

Executive Orders, Spending, and Administrative Powers

Informal Ambassadors

Undeclared Wars

When Does the President Matter?

Presidential Personality

Presidential Managerial Style

The National Security Council

Other White House Voices

The Vice President

The U.S. Trade Representative

The White House Chief of Staff

The First Lady

Over the Horizon: Improving Presidential Transitions

8. BUREAUCRACY

On the Agenda: Fixing the State Department

Presidents and the Bureaucracy

The State Department

Structure and Growth of the State Department

The State Department's Value System

Impact of the State Department on Foreign Policy

The Department of Defense

Structure and Growth of the Department of Defense

Historical Lesson: Integrating the Military

The Value System of the Department of Defense

Impact of the Defense Department on Foreign Policy

The CIA and the Intelligence Community

Structure and Growth of the CIA and the Intelligence Community

The Intelligence Community's Value System

Impact of the CIA and the Intelligence Community on Foreign Policy

The Domestic Bureaucracies

Treasury, Commerce, and Agriculture

Homeland Security

Policy Makers' Response to Bureaucracy

Over the Horizon: U.S. Space Command

9. POLICY-MAKING MODELS

On the Agenda: Ukraine War Decision Making

Foreign Policy Decisions and Models

The Rational Actor Model

The Bureaucratic Politics Model

The Small-Group Decision-Making Model

Elite Theory and Pluralism

Historical Lesson: The War to End All Wars

Integrating Models

The Cuban Missile Crisis

The Crisis: An Overview

Applying the Rational Actor Model to the Crisis

Applying the Bureaucratic Politics Model to the Crisis

Applying the Small-Group Decision-Making Model to the Crisis

Models: A Policy Maker Critique

Over the Horizon: Individual-Centered Models

10. DIPLOMACY

On the Agenda: The Paris Agreement

Diplomacy: Choices and Dilemmas

The Diplomatic Tool Kit

Bilateralism versus Multilateralism

Process versus Product

Incentives versus Sanctions

Bilateral Diplomacy: Allies, Friends, Adversaries

Shuttle Diplomacy

Summit Diplomacy

Economic Summits

East-West Superpower Summits

Conference Diplomacy

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO)

Historical Lesson: The Kyoto Protocol and Copenhagen Accord

Environmental Conferences

Human Rights Conferences

Global Heath Conferences

UN Diplomacy

Public Diplomacy and Digital Diplomacy

The Political Use of Force

Coercive Diplomacy

Nuclear Diplomacy

Arms Transfers

Over the Horizon: Coalitions of the Willing

11. ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS

On the Agenda: United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)

Economic Statecraft

Inventory of Options

Strategic Outlooks

Free Trade

Strategic Trade

Monetary Strategies

Varieties of Trade Agreements

Bilateral Trade Agreements

Regional Trade Agreements

Global Trade Agreements

The China Trade War

Economic Sanctions

Using Sanctions

Sanctions in Action: Iran, Cuba, Russia

Foreign Aid

Types of Foreign Aid

Cold War Foreign Aid

Post-Cold War Foreign Aid

Historical Lesson: NAFTA

Post-9/11 Foreign Aid

Contemporary Foreign Aid

Over the Horizon: How Trade Wars End

12. MILITARY INSTRUMENTS: BIG WARS

On the Agenda: North Korean Denuclearization

Cold War Nuclear Thinking

The U.S. Cold War Strategic Arsenal

U.S. Cold War Nuclear Strategy

Historical Lesson: The Baruch Plan

Post-Cold War Nuclear Thinking

The U.S. Post-Cold War Strategic Nuclear Arsenal

U.S. Post-Cold War Nuclear Strategy: Content

Bridging the Nuclear-Conventional Divide

Deterrence

Preemption

Using Large-Scale Conventional Military Force

Reducing the Danger of War: Arms Control and Disarmament

The Cold War Record

The Post-Cold War Record

Defense

The Strategic Defense Initiative

National Missile Defense Systems

Over the Horizon: A New Age of Nuclear Proliferation

13. MILITARY INSTRUMENTS: SMALL WARS

On the Agenda: Cyber Warfare

Separating Big Wars from Small Wars

Exiting Small Wars

Types of Small Wars

Hybrid Warfare

Counterinsurgency

Counterterrorism

The Return of Small Wars?

Small Wars by Other Means

Cold War Covert Action

Post-Cold War Covert Action

The Covert War against Osama bin Laden

Cyber Warfare

Small Wars for Peace

Humanitarian/Peacekeeping Operations

Historical Lesson: The Path to Mogadishu

Stability Operations

Conventional, Cyberspace, and WMD Arms Control

Chemical and Biological Weapons

Recovering Loose WMD Material

Cyberspace

Conventional Weapons

Counterproliferation

Over the Horizon: Drone Wars

14. ALTERNATIVE FUTURES

On the Agenda: The South China Sea

Foreign Policy Visions

The United States as an Ordinary State

Reformed America

Pragmatic America

American Crusader

America the Balancer

Disengaged America

Historical Lesson: The First Asian Pivot: Commodore Perry's Opening of Japan

Over the Horizon: A New Cold War?

Glossary

Notes

About the Author

Index

American Foreign Policy helps students develop the critical thinking skills needed to participate in current debates about foreign policy. The 13th edition, updated to include recent events such as the US withdrawal from Afghanistan and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, emerges at a critical time of rising political tensions at home and abroad.