Principles and Kinetics of Biological Processes Nazih K. Shammas, Yu Liu and Lawrence K. Wang VERTICAL SHAFT BIOREACTORS (VSB) Nazih K. Shammas, Lawrence K. Wang, Jeff Guild, and Dave Pollock AEROBIC GRANULATION TECHNOLOGY Joo-Hwa Tay, Yu Liu, Stephen Tiong-Lee Tay, Yung-Tse Hung MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS Lawrence K. Wang and Ravinder Menon SBR SYSTEMS FOR BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang SIMULTANEOUS NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION PROCESS (SYMBIO PROCESS) Hiren K. Trivedi SINGLE-SLUDGE BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS FOR NUTRIENTS REMOVAL Lawrence K. Wang and Nazih K. Shammas SELECTION AND DESIGN OF NITROGEN REMOVAL PROCESSES Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang COLUMN BIOREACTOR Anatoliy I. Sverdlikov, Gennadij P. Shcherbina, Michail M. Zemljak, Alexander A. Sverdlikov, Donald H. Haycock, Andrew Lugowski, George Nakhla, Lawrence K. Wang and Yung-Tse Hung UPFLOW SLUDGE BLANKET FILTRATION Svatopluk Mackrle, Vladimír Mackrle and Oldrich Dracka ANAEROBIC LAGOONS AND STORAGE PONDS Lawrence K. Wang, Yung-Tse Hung and J. Paul Chen VERTICAL SHAFT DIGESTION, FLOTATION & BIOFILTRATION Lawrence K. Wang, Nazih K. Shammas, Jeff Guild, and Dave Pollock LAND APPLICATION OF BIOSOLIDS Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang DEEP-WELL INJECTION FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT Nazih K. Shammas, Lawrence K. Wang and Charles W. Sever EMERGING NATURAL BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES Nazih K. Shammasand Lawrence K. Wang EMERGING SUSPENDED GROWTH BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang EMERGING ATTACHED GROWTH BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang Appendix CONVERSION FACTORS Lawrence K. Wang

The past 30 years have seen the emergence of a growing desire worldwide that positive actions be taken to restore and protect the environment from the degrading effects of all forms of pollution-air, water, soil, and noise. Because pollution is a direct or indirect consequence of waste, the seemingly idealistic demand for "zero discharge" can be construed as an unrealistic demand for zero waste. However, as long as waste continues to exist, we can only attempt to abate the subsequent pollution by converting it to a less noxious form. Three major questions usually arise when a particular type of pollution has been identi?ed: (1) How serious is the pollution? (2) Is the technology to abate it available? and (3) Do the costs of abatement justify the degree of abatement achieved? This book is one of the volumes of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series. The principal intention of this series is to help readers formulate answers to the last two questions above. The traditional approach of applying tried-and-true solutions to speci?c pollution problems has been a major contributing factor to the success of environmental en- neering, and has accounted in large measure for the establishment of a "methodology of pollution control. " However, the realization of the ever-increasing complexity and interrelated nature of current environmental problems renders it imperative that intelligent planning of pollution abatement systems be undertaken.