Introduction: The Tragic, Tragedy and the Idea of the Limit; Chapter 1: Hubris and Guilt: 'Genganere' ('Ghosts') by Henrik Ibsen; Chapter 2: Eve Becomes Mary: 'L'Annonce faite à Marie' ('The Tidings Brought to Mary') by Paul Claudel; Chapter 3: The School of Hatred: 'Mourning Becomes Electra' by Eugene O'Neill; Chapter 4: The Destiny of Man is Man: 'Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder' ('Mother Courage and her Children') by Bertolt Brecht; Chapter 5: The Tragic and the Absurd: 'Caligula' by Albert Camus; Chapter 6: Dianoetic Laughter in Tragedy: Accepting Finitude: 'Endgame' by Samuel Beckett; Chapter 7: The Arrogance of Reason and the 'Disappearance of the Fireflies': 'Pilade' ('Pylades') by Pier Paolo Pasolini; Chapter 8: The Apocalypse of a Civilization: From 'Akropolis' to 'Apocalypsis cum figuris' by Jerzy Grotowski; A Provisional Epilogue: Between the Experience and the Representation of the Tragic: Towards a Performative Theatre; Appendix: Chronology of Productions; Notes; Index

The idea of the tragic has permeated Western culture for millennia, and has been expressed theatrically since the time of the ancient Greeks. However, it was in the Europe of the twentieth century - one of the most violent periods of human history - that the tragic form significantly developed. 'Modern European Tragedy' examines the consciousness of this era, drawing a picture of the development of the tragic through an in-depth analysis of some of the twentieth century's most outstanding texts.