Medical knowledge manifests in materials, and materials are integral to the reproduction of medical knowledge. From the novice student to the expert practitioner, those who study and work in and around medicine rely on material guidance in their everyday practice and as they seek to further their craft.

Students, just as experts, pore over textbooks, photographs and films. They put up and copy down chalkboard illustrations, manipulate plastic models and inspect organic specimens fixed in formalin. They pass through grand university libraries and try not to contaminate anything in cramped surgical theatres. Students, just as experts, learn within an expansive material culture of medicine, they learn from explicitly educative materials, from the workaday tools used for diagnosis and in treatment, they learn in everyday spaces and as part of sprawling infrastructures. While the specific constellation of material varies across time and space, many materials have remained constant, key actors in the spread of medical practices and in the steady, global expansion of biomedical frameworks of health and disease. This collection focuses on the materials, objects, tools and technologies which facilitate the reproduction of medical knowledge and often reify understandings of medical science.

The training of doctors is changing rapidly in response to technological development as well to the evolving needs and expectations of patients. Medical schools are beginning to respond to these challenges through curricula redesign and the purchase or endorsement of new teaching aids, simulations and pedagogies. Often, this means that medical schools are embracing the digital at the expense of older teaching materials. Medical education is at a critical juncture and there is momentum to radically rethink its approaches.

This collection offers a reflection on these challenges by presenting an innovative and expansive overview of the role of materiality in the training of doctors and in the social reproduction of medicine in general. Experimental in form, and with ethnographic, museological and historical cases, and traces from around the world, this edited volume is the first to fully explore the matter of medical education in the modern world. Supported by the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme.

An academic text, it will be most relevant to academics and graduate students in the fields of health and material culture, but will also have a wider readership with those working on medical education and knowledge and medical history

John Nott is an economic and medical historian and a research fellow at the University of Edinburgh. He previously worked as part of the 'Making Clinical Sense' project at Maastricht University, the Netherlands.

Anna Harris is associate professor of anthropology and science and technology studies at Maastricht University in the Netherlands. Her work concerns issues of learning, sensing (and other bodily practices) and the contemporary/historical role of technologies in medicine. She leads the European Research Council funded project 'Making Clinical Sense.'

Introduction: What Matters in Medical Education? - John Nott and Anna Harris
ARCHITECTURE / Designing a Discipline: Architecture for Pathology in the Interwar Period -  Annmarie Adams

ART / Objectivity, Art and Medical Images - Sally Wyatt
BALLOONS / Lessons from a Balloon - Christine den Harder and Anna Harris
CADAVERS / The Geography of the Dead and the Movement of the Living: Kinetic Consciousness and the Limits of the Cadaver - Rachel Prentice
CHALKBOARDS / Anatomy of the Chalkboard - Rachel Vaden Allison
CIGARETTE PAPERS / The Cigarette Paper, the Embroiderer, and the Gendered Craft of Vascular Surgery - Paul Craddock
CIRCULATION / Circulated Concepts, Images and Objects - Harro van Lente
DISSECTING ROOMS / 'The Lady Anatomist': Fragmented Bodies, Photographic Assemblage and the 'Art' of Dissection at Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, 1895-98 - Jessica M. Dandona
FILM / 'See For Yourself': Autopsy Film as Audio-Visual Mediation of Learning Experiences, c.1928-1962 - Christian Bonah and Joel Danet

FILM / 'Now We Are Going to Look at a Piece of Film': Projecting Medicine in Twentieth Century Medical Education - Angela Saward

GARDENS / Groundwork for Planetary Health: Reimagining Gardens in Medical Education - Stacey Langwick and Mary Mosha
GLOVES / The Context of Touch: Gloves and the Pelvic Exam - Kelly Underman
HANDBOOKS / Chinese Medical Illustrations and Communist Materialism, 1950-1966 - Lan Li
HEARTS / The Heart of the Simulated Matter: Interprofessional Training Practices of Clinical Care - Ivana Guarrasi
ILLUSTRATIONS / Performed with Care: Enacting Accuracy in Medical Illustration - Drew Danielle Belsky
ILLUSTRATIONS / Material Images: Flesh on Paper in Twentieth-Century Surgical Drawing - Harriet Palfreyman
ILLUSTRATIONS / The Radford Collection: Exploring and Experiencing the Mid-Nineteenth-Century Midwifery Lecture - Rebecca Whiteley
LABOUR / Invisible Work - Sally Wyatt
MICROSCOPES / The Virtual Microscope: Tracing Knowledge of Human Microstructure Through Digital Images - R. Claire Aland, Nicole Shepherd, Belinda Swyny and Mary-Louise Roy Manchadi
MUSEUMS / The Pathology Museum at Korle Bu - Robert Kumoji and John Nott
NURSERVERS / The Nurserver - David Theodore
PHOTOGRAPHS / Typologies of Fatness: Constitutional Photography in Western Medicine, c.1930-60 - Anne Katrine Kleberg Hansen
PLACE, AND AFFECT / Matters of Place and Affect - Rachel Vaden Allison and John Nott
PROPS / Props in Breaking Bad News Simulation - Kaisu Koski and Kirsten Ostherr
RADIOGRAPHS / Lasers, Screens and Models: The Material Assemblages of Learning Pattern Recognition in Radiography Education - Peter D. Winter

SIMULATIONS / Simulations in Health Professions Education - Andrea Wojcik
SKULLS / Medical Museums, Materiality, and the Traumatic Brain Injury of Phineas Gage - Denielle Elliott with Dominic Hall
STETHOSCOPES / This Thing, A Stethoscope - Claire Wendland
TEXTILES / Materialities of Surgery: Learning Through Thread - Roger Kneebone and Fleur Oakes
ULTRASOUNDS / Developing Ultrasound: Knowledge Dissemination and Technological Change, 1945-1980 - Jakob Lehne
WOUNDS / The Fake Wound: Thinking Through Materials in Osce Simulations - Andrea Wojcik, Victor Mogre, Anthony Amalba, Celia Yamile Rodriguez and Francis A. Abantanga
ZEBRAS / Zebras, not Horses: On Limits and Margins of Biomedical Knowledge - Candida F. Sanchez Burmester
Notes on Contributors

Index