Reaching from biblical times to the present day, Esther Benbassa's prize-winning exploration of Jewish identity is both epic and comprehensive. She shows how in the Jewish world, the representation and ritualization of suffering have shaped the history of both the people and the religion.
Benbassa argues that the nineteenth century gave rise to a Jewish 'lachrymose' historiography, and that Jewish history was increasingly seen to be a 'vale of tears'-a development that has become even more pronounced since the Holocaust. The treatment of the Holocaust in the State of Israel now has the form of a civil religion. In principle within reach of everyone, the 'duty of memory' and the uniqueness of the genocide have mitigated for many Jews the loss of other traditions. The Israeli government invokes the memory of the Holocaust to neutralize threats to its interests-ensuring that suffering continues to be a central part of Jewish identity and positioning the State of Israeli as a redemptive force.

Esther Benbassa is Chair in the History of Modern Judaism at the ¿cole Pratique des Hautes ¿tudes in Paris. She is the author of many books, including The Jews of the Balkans, The Judeo-Spanish Community, 15th to 20th Centuries, History of Sephardic Jewry, XIVth-XXth Centuries, The Jews of France, A History from Antiquity to the Present, The Jew and the Other, and Suffering as Identity.