Richard Allen Williams, MD, FACC, FAHA, FACPClinical Professor of MedicineUCLA School of MedicineLos Angeles, CA
  Dr. Williams is the editor of two Springer books: Healthcare Disparities at the Crossroads with Healthcare Reform, 978-1-4419-7135-7, 2011 (sales: 399; downloads: 10,020) and Eliminating Healthcare Disparities in America, 978-1-934115-42-8, 2007 (sales: 700; downloads: 8318).

Ancient History as a Backdrop to Black Medical History.- Beginning of Transoceanic Slave Transport.- Initiation of the Transatlantic Slave Trade Between Africa and America.- Poor Medical Treatment of Slaves and Its Consequences.- Emergence of the First Black Doctors Trained in Medical Schools.- Beginning of Black Medical Autonomy and Self-Determination.- Destructive Effects of Discrimination and Institutional Racism.- Extreme Medical Hardship Period.- Development of Social Welfare.- Development of Healthcare Reform.