The history of the Roman Republic was a military success story. Texts, monuments and rituals commemorated Rome's victories, and this emphasis on its own triumphs formed a basis for the Roman nobility's claim to leadership. However, the Romans also suffered numerous heavy defeats during the Republic. This study is the first to comprehensively examine how Rome's defeats at the hands of the Celts, Samnites, and Carthaginians were explained and interpreted in the historical culture of the Republic and early imperial period. What emerges is a specifically Roman culture of dealing with defeats, which helped the Romans to find meaning in the stories of their failures and to assign them a place in their own past.

Simon Lentzsch is a research assistant at the Chair of Ancient History at the University of Cologne.

1. Introduction.- 2. Methodological Preliminary Remarks.- 3. The Most Dangerous Adversary Since the Endurance of Our Rule-Rome's Celtic Wars.- 4. Under the Yoke-The Samnite Wars.- 5. The Darkest Hour-The Roman-Carthaginian Wars.- 6. Summary.