¿Ionic liquids will never find application in industry¿, ¿I don¿t understand this fad for ionic liquids¿ and ¿there is no widespread interest in these systems¿ are just three of quotes from the reports of referees for research proposals that I have received over the years. I wonder what these people think today. There are currently at least nine large-scale industrial uses of ionic liquids, including, we now rec- nise, the production of ?-Caprolactam (a monomer for the production of nylon-6) [1]. There has been a steady increase in the interest in ionic liquids for well over a decade and last year the number of papers and patents including ionic liquids was counted in the thousands. This remarkable achievement has been built on the hard work and enthusiasm, first of a small band of devotees, but now of huge numbers of scientists all over the world who do not see themselves as specialists in ionic liquids. The ionic liquids field continues to develop at an incredible rate. No sooner do I think that I am on top of the literature than it turns out that a whole new area of work has emerged without me noticing. Things that were once supposedly impos- 1 sible in ionic liquids, such as measuring the H NMR of solutes, are now widely applicable (see Chapter 8). Hence, collected volumes such as this are very w- come.

Synthesis, Purification and Characterization of Ionic Liquids.- Ionic Liquid Structure-Induced Effects on Organic Reactions.- Task Specific Ionic Liquids and Task Specific Onium Salts.- Heavy Elements in Ionic Liquids.- Thermodynamics and Micro Heterogeneity of Ionic Liquids.- Thermophysical Properties of Ionic Liquids.- Ionic Liquids from Theoretical Investigations.- NMR Spectroscopy in Ionic Liquds.- Optical Spectroscopy and Ionic Liquids.- Ionic Liquids in Biomass Processing.