The biosphere is the ultimate sink for air pollutants and is also the source of many precursors for the formation of photo-oxidants. In any analysis of air pollution and for determining source-receptor relationships, reliable emission and pollutant concentrations or depositions must be taken into account, together with their interactions between the atmosphere and the biosphere. This book presents a number of authoritative review articles covering topics which include biosphere-atmosphere exchange of ammonia, nitrogen oxides, ozone and sulfur-containing gases, the biological mechanisms involved in the exchange of trace gases, as well as generalizations of deposition over Europe.

Table of Content.- 1 Excecutive Summary.- 2 Biosphere ¿ Atmosphere Exchange of Ammonia.- 3 Atmospheric Particles and their Interactions with Natural Surfaces.- 4 Assessment of Dry Deposition and Total Acidifying Loads in Europe.- 5 Biological Mechanisms involved in the Exchange of Trace Gases.- 6 Atmosphere ¿ Surface Exchange of Nitrogen Oxides and Ozone.- 7 Exchange of Sulfur Gases between the Biosphere and the Atmosphere.- 8.1 On-line Measurements of Ozone Surface Fluxes: Instrumentation and Methodology.- 8.2 Real-time and Non-intrusive Detection of Ambient Ammonia using the Photothermal Deflection Technique.- 8.3 Development of Instrumentation for Concentration Measurements and Surface-Exchange Fluxes of Air Pollutants.- 9.1 Ozone deposition on various surface types.- 9.2 Measurements of Dry Deposition Fluxes of Nitrogen Compounds and Ozone.- 9.3 Dry Deposition Monitoring of SO2, NH3 and NO2 over a Coniferous Forest.- 9.4 Flux of NOx between Atmosphere and Vegetation ¿ Parameterisation of Surface Resistance/Emission.- 9.5 First Emission Inventory of Ammonia in Timis County.- 9.6 Surface Exchange of Nitrogen Oxides over Different European Ecosystems.- 9.7 Measurement of Ambient Concentration and Surface Fluxes of O3, SO2 NOx and TSP in Uludag National Park.- 9.8 Surface Exchange of Ammonia over Grazed Pasture.- 9.9 The Speulderbos Experiment 1993 ¿ Experimental and Modelling Results.- 10.1 Measurements of Wet and Dry Deposition in Timis County, Romania.- 10.2 Measurement of Dry Deposition Velocity of Ozone, Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides above Pine Forest and Low Vegetation in Different Seasons by the Gradient Method.- 10.3 Biogenic and Anthropogenic Trace Gas Fluxes between the Atmosphere and a Polluted Mixed Forest of Central Europe.- 10.4 Exchange of Reduced Sulfur Compounds between the Biosphere and the Atmosphere.- 11.1 Exchange of Short Chained Organic Acids between the Biosphere and the Atmosphere.- 11.2 Forest Emissions of Hydrocarbons.- 11.3 Investigations on Emissions of Low Molecular Weight Compounds (C2?C10) from Vegetation.- 11.4 Monoterpene and Isoprene Emission in Norway Spruce Forests.- 11.5 Emissions of VOCs from Stressed and Unstressed Vegetation.- 11.6 Isoprenoïc Compounds: Emission and Atmospheric Concentration Measurements.- 12.1 Vertical Flux Measurements of the Submicronic Aerosol Particles and Parametrisation of the Dry Deposition Velocity.- 12.2 Measurements of Fluxes of Particles, Ozone, Nitrogen Oxides and Carbon Dioxide to Coniferous and Deciduous Forests.- 12.3 Sulfate Dry Deposition Measurements over Low Vegetation and in a Forested Area.- 13.1 Emission of Gaseous Hydrocarbons and NH3 out of Soils.- 13.2 Uptake and Distribution of NO2 in Norway Spruce (Picea Abies [L.] Karst.- 13.3 Mechanisms of Release of NOx and COS from Soil and Soil Micro-organisms.- 13.4 The Chemical Behaviour and Deposition of Ammonium Nitrate, Nitric Acid and Ammonia.- 13.5 Studies on Deposition, Emission and Chemical Transformation above and within Tall Vegetation.- 13.6 Studies on Exchange Processes of Momentum, Energy and Matter above and within Tall Vegetation.- 13.7 Ammonia Exchange between Terrestrial Plants and the Atmosphere Controlled by Plant Physiology: Compensation Point and CO2 Exchange.- 13.8 Photolysis Frequencies of Nitrogen Dioxide and Ozone: Measurements and Model Calculations.- 14.1 Dry Deposition Inferential Measurement in a Rural Region of Northern Italy.- 14.2 Improvement and Validation of the Throughfall Technique for Nitrogen Deposition Measurements to Forest Ecosystems.- 14.3 Modelling the Uptake and Metabolisation of Nitrogen Dioxide and Ozone by Plant Leaves.- 14.4 Experimental and Modelling Studies of the Deposition Processes in South European Ecosystems.- 15 BIATEX Publications: 1988¿1995.