I An Overview and Synthesis of the Scientific Results.- 1 EUROTRAC: Organisation, Structure
and Achievements.- 1.1 EUROTRAC: definition; objectives.- 1.2 The historical context.- 1.3 The principal areas of scientific interest.- 1.4 The subprojects and working groups.- 1.5 The direction and management of EUROTRAC.- 1.6 The funding of EUROTRAC.- 1.7 Evaluation of progress.- 1.8 The Application Project.- 1.9 Links to environmental policy development.- 1.10 Some other achievements of EUROTRAC.- 1.11 Some lessons learned from EUROTRAC.- 1.12 Future needs - EUROTRAC 2.- 1.13 References.- 2 Photo-oxidants.- 2.1 Introduction: photo-oxidants, tropospheric ozone and EUROTRAC.- 2.2 Photo-oxidant formation and its relationship to policy development.- 2.3 Reactions and mechanisms involved in photo-oxidant formation.- 2.4 Observations in the atmosphere.- 2.5 Modelling studies.- 2.6 Uncertainties remaining.- 2.7 References.- 3 Research on Clouds within EUROTRAC.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Main results of cloud research within EUROTRAC.- 3.3 The Cloud Group, the integration of competencies required for cloud research and the assessment of future research needs.- 3.4 References.- 4 Surface Exchange.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Ozone deposition: the effect of NO emission from soil bacteria.- 4.3 Emission of volatile organic compounds from plants.- 4.4 Input of nitrogen and eutrophication of coastal waters.- 4.5 Emission from the coastal waters by spray formation.- 4.6 New developments in experimental techniques for flux measurements and future needs.- 4.7 Conclusions.- 4.8 References.- 5 Chemical Transfer and Transport Modelling.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Models.- 5.3 Model input, initialisation and boundary conditions.- 5.4 Application of models and results.- 5.5 Model comparison and evaluation.- 5.6 Conclusions.- 5.7 References.- 6 Instrumentation.- 6.1 Introduction: requirements for instrument development.- 6.2 The instrument subprojects within EUROTRAC.- 6.3 Instrument development as part of other subprojects.- 6.4 Positive and negative outcomes of instrument development.- 6.5 Conclusions, recommendations and future needs.- 6.6 References.- 7 Policy Applications of the EUROTRAC Results: The Application Project.- 7.1 The origin of the Application Project.- 7.2 EUROTRAC and the Application Project.- 7.3 Photo-oxidants in Europe: in the free troposphere, in rural and in urban atmospheres.- 7.4 Acidification of soil and water and the atmospheric contribution to nutrient inputs.- 7.5 The contribution of EUROTRAC to the development of tools for the study of tropospheric pollution.- 7.6 Uncertainties in our present knowledge.- 7.7 Further information.- 7.8 References.- II An Overview of the Scientific Work of the Subprojects.- 8 Field Measurements.- 8.1 ALPTRAC: High Alpine Aerosol and Snow Chemistry Study.- 8.1.1 Aims.- 8.1.2 Principal scientific results.- 8.1.3 Conclusions.- 8.1.4 Further information.- 8.1.5 ALPTRAC: Steering group and principal investigators.- 8.1.6 References.- 8.2 GCE: An Overview of Ground Based Cloud Experiments.- 8.2.1 Introduction.- 8.2.2 Overview of the three GCE joint field experiments.- 8.2.3 Main results obtained within GCE.- 8.2.4 GCE seen in retrospect.- 8.2.5 Further information.- 8.2.6 GCE: Steering group and principal investigators.- 8.2.7 References.- 8.3 TOR: An Overview of Tropospheric Ozone Research.- 8.3.1 Aims of the subproject.- 8.3.2 Activities.- 8.3.3 Results and conclusions.- 8.3.4 Final remarks.- 8.3.5 Further information.- 8.3.6 TOR: Steering group and principal investigators.- 8.3.7 References.- 8.4 TRACT: Transport of Air Pollutants over Complex Terrain.- 8.4.1 Introduction.- 8.4.2 Aims of the subproject TRACT.- 8.4.3 TRANSALP.- 8.4.4 The TRACT field experiment.- 8.4.5 Emission inventory.- 8.4.6 Modelling activities.- 8.4.7 Observations and results in TRACT.- 8.4.8 Conclusions and reservations.- 8.4.9 Acknowledgements.- 8.4.10 Further information.- 8.4.11 TRACT: Steering group and principal investigators.- 8.4.11 References.- 9 Biosphere-Atmosphere Exchange.- 9.1 ASE: An Overview of the Air-Sea Exchange Subproject.- 9.1.1 Introduction.- 9.1.2 Aims of the subproject ASE.- 9.1.3 Principal scientific activities and results.- 9.1.4 Positive and negative aspects of ASE.- 9.1.5 Acknowledgements.- 9.1.6 Further Information.- 9.1.7 ASE: Steering group and principal investigators.- 9.1.8 References.- 9.2 BIATEX: Assessment and Achievements.- 9.2.1 Introduction.- 9.2.2 Promises versus final products of BIATEX.- 9.2.3 Principal results obtained in BIATEX.- 9.2.4 Why did BIATEX not succeed in some areas?.- 9.2.5 Future developments in atmosphere-biosphere exchange.- 9.2.6 Further information.- 9.2.7 BIATEX: Steering group and principal investigators.- 9.2.8 References.- 10 Laboratory Studies.- 10.1 HALIPP: Heterogeneous and Liquid Phase Processes.- 10.1.1 Summary.- 10.1.2 Aims of HALIPP.- 10.1.3 Highlights of HALIPP activities and achievements.- 10.1.4 Selected results illustrated.- 10.1.5 Assessment of HALIPP achievements.- 10.1.6 Further information.- 10.1.7 HALIPP: Steering group and principal investigators.- 10.1.8 References.- 10.2 LACTOZ: Chemical Processes related to Tropospheric Ozone.- 10.2.1 Summary.- 10.2.2 Aims and objectives.- 10.2.3 Scientific results.- 10.2.4 Conclusions.- 10.2.5 Further information.- 10.2.6 LACTOZ: Steering group and principal investigators.- 10.2.7 References.- 10.3 CMWG: The Chemical Mechanism Working Group.- 10.3.1 Introduction.- 10.3.2 EMEP chemical mechanism.- 10.3.3 RADM2 chemical mechanism.- 10.3.4 Chemical mechanism intercomparison.- 10.3.5 References.- 11 Modelling and Emissions.- 11.1 EUMAC: European Modelling of Atmospheric Constituents.- 11.1.1 Summary.- 11.1.2 Aims of the subproject EUMAC.- 11.1.3 Structure of EUMAC.- 11.1.4 Long-range transport modelling.- 11.1.5 Model evaluation.- 11.1.6 Smaller-scale models.- 11.1.7 Chemical mechanisms.- 11.1.8 Clouds.- 11.1.9 Emissions.- 11.1.10 Conclusions.- 11.1.11 Further information.- 11.1.12 EUMAC: Steering group and principal investigators.- 11.1.13 References.- 11.2 GENEMIS: Generation of European Emission Data for Episodes.- 11.2.1 Summary.- 11.2.2 Aims of the research.- 11.2.3 Principal scientific results.- 11.2.4 Summary of the results.- 11.2.5 Further information.- 11.2.6 GENEMIS: Steering Group and Principal Investigators.- 11.2.7 References.- 11.3 GLOMAC: An Overview of Global Atmospheric Chemistry Modelling.- 11.3.1 Summary.- 11.3.2 The original aims of the subproject.- 11.3.3 Principal scientific results.- 11.3.4 Achievements with respect to original aims.- 11.3.5 Further information.- 11.3.6 GLOMAC: Steering group and principal investigators.- 11.3.6 References.- 12 Instrument Development.- 12.1 JETDLAG: Joint European Development of Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy for the Measurement of Atmospheric Trace Gases.- 12.1.1 Introduction.- 12.1.2 JETDLAG aims and history.- 12.1.3 Principal results.- 12.1.4 Achievements.- 12.1.5 Further information.- 12.1.6 JETDLAG: Steering group and principal investigators.- 12.1.7 References.- 12.2 TESLAS: Tropospheric Environmental Studies by Laser Sounding.- 12.2.1 Original goals.- 12.2.2 Organisation and activities of the subproject.- 12.2.3 Principal scientific results.- 12.2.4 Conclusions.- 12.1.5 Further information.- 12.1.6 TESLAS: Steering group and principal investigators.- 12.2.7 References.- 12.3 TOPAS: Tropospheric Optical Absorption Spectroscopy.- 12.3.1 Summary.- 12.3.2 Aims of the TOPAS subproject.- 12.3.3 Activities and principal results.- 12.3.4 Achievements.- 12.1.5 Further information.- 12.1.6 TOPAS: Steering group and principal investigators.- 12.3.7 References.- Appendix A.- Table 1 EUROTRAC Subprojects and Subproject Coordinators 1987 to 1955.- Table 2 EUROTRAC International Executive Committee Members 1987 to 1996.- Table 3 Countries Participating in EUROTRAC.- Table 4 EUROTRAC Scientific Steering Committee Members 1986 to 1996.- Table 5 EUROTRAC International Scientific Secretariat 1986 to 1996.- Table 6 Chemical Mechanism Working Group Members.- Table 7 The Cloud Group Members.- Table 8 Application Project Members.- Appendix B.- EUROTRAC Publications.- Subject Index;.