Radiology, the youngest of the major medical sciences, has undergone an extraordinary technical evolution since the discovery of X-rays. It began with the development of the different types of tomography and the adoption of many contrast agents, then proceeded rapidly to serioscopy, subtraction of images, direct enlargement, echography, thermography, and xerography. Today, even before all these innovations have come into common use, another branch of radiologic technology has evolved: computerized (axial) tomography. More than just an innovation, its true dimensions are unfore­ seeable. Radiology has become in less than a century an indispensable adjunct to the practice of medicine. The development of radiology as a speciality followed its technical advances, which varied greatly from country to country. This rapid development led quickly to subspecialization, even the very early development of radiotherapy and radiodiagnostics as separate entities. However, the entry of radiology into the university has preserved it a single branch of medicine, avoiding the frequent tendency toward auto­ nomy of the branches of a speciality. Today the fourth generation of radiologists is faced with another deci­ sion: whether to become technologists subjugated to their machinery, to become sub specialists with a single skill, or to remain doctors. The vast majority of this fourth generation has rejected becoming an accessory to a master technique and rather has specialized according to the hippocratic concept of medicine.

Material and Patients Studied.- 1 Historical Review.- 2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Craniovertebral Region.- 1 Osteology and Arthrology.- 2 Normal Radiographic Anatomy.- 3 Positive Arthrography of the Craniocervical Joints.- 4 Mechanics of the Joints.- 5 Radiological Studies of the Mobility of the Joints.- 3 Pathological Anatomy.- 4 Clinical Examination.- 1 Rheumatologic Examination.- 2 Neurologic Manifestations.- 5 Radiology in Rheumatoid Arthritis.- 1 Rarefaction of Bone.- 2 Articular Changes: Arthritis.- 3 Destructive Bone Lesions.- 4 Constructive Bone Lesions.- 5 Subluxations-Ligamentous Lesions.- 6 Other Radiological Investigations.- 6 Radiology in Other Chronic Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases.- 1 Juvenile Chronic Polyarthritis.- 2 Ankylosing Spondylarthritis.- 3 Psoriatic Arthropathy.- 4 Miscellaneous.- 7 The Principles of Treatment in Lesions of the Cervico-Occipital Joint in Chronic Inflammatory Rheumatisms.- References.