General Section.- A. History of the Development of Thin-Layer Chromatography.- B. Instruments used in Thin-Layer Chromatography and their Operation.- I. The application of thin layers to carrier plates.- Thin-layer spreader.- a) Aligning tray.- b) Positioning of the spreader.- c) Adjustment of layer thickness.- d) Filling of spreader and application.- e) Cleaning and storage of spreader.- II. Drying, storage and handling of TLC-plates.- III. Preparation of TLC-plates for use in chromatography.- a) Checking dried thin layers.- b) Stripping of thin-layer edge.- c) Marking the layer.- d) Instruments for application of spots.- e) Streak application of larger quantities of mixture for micro-preparative thin-layer chromatography.- IV. Separation chambers and conditions of saturation.- 1. Saturation and edge effects.- 2. Assembly of chambers (temperature, light, protection against oxidation).- 3. Chambers for ascending development.- a) Rectangular trough chamber.- b) S-Chamber system.- 4. Equipment for descending development.- 5. Equipment for horizontal development.- a) Circular technique.- b) Horizontal method in closed tank.- c) Continuous flow technique (BN-Chamber).- 6. Apparatus for electrophoresis and ionophoresis in thin layers of adsorbent.- V. Spraying equipment and fume hoods.- VI. Standard conditions in thin-layer chromatography.- VII. Basic equipment for use in thin-layer chromatography.- C. Coating Materials for Thin-Layer Chromatography.- Further properties of adsorbents.- Additional adsorbents and adsorbent combinations.- Storage and treatment of adsorbents.- D. Special Techniques.- 1. Continuous flow, and multiple development techniques.- 2. Wedged-tip technique.- 3. Two-dimensional separation, SRS-technique.- 4. Variation in the separation characteristics of a layer.- Bibliography to Chapters A-D, General Section.- E. Documentation of Thin-Layer Chromatograms.- F. Quantitative Evaluation of Thin-Layer Chromatograms.- I. Determination without extraction of separated substances from the chromatogram (Method I).- 1. Method of visual comparison.- 2. Evaluation by photographic methods.- 3. Photo-densitometric determination after staining.- 4. Autoradiographic evaluation.- II. Determination of separated substances after extraction (Method II).- 1. Location by color or fluorescence.- 2. Use of fluorescent layers.- 3. Staining of separated substances before extraction.- 4. Other methods of locating separated substances.- Bibliography to Chapters E and F, General Section.- G. Isotope Techniques.- I. Layers, solvents, and chemical methods of detection.- II. Methods of detecting radiation.- 1. Autoradiography.- 2. Counting tubes and scintillation counters.- III. Preparation of radioactively labelled substances.- IV. Isolation of radioactive compounds by thin-layer chromatography.- V. Analysis by means of radioisotopes.- 1. Indicator analysis.- 2. Isotope dilution analysis.- 3. Activation analysis.- 4. Isotopic derivative method.- a) Fractionation before radioactive labelling.- b) Separation of radioactive derivatives.- c) Fractionation after adding a radioactive derivative to the mixture of non-labelled derivatives.- d) Separation after adding an inactive derivative to the mixture of radioactively labelled derivatives of the compound to be determined.- e) Application of two different radioactive isotopes.- VI. Procedures for radioactive labelling.- 1. Esterification of acids with diazomethane, C14H2N2.- 2. Acetylation of alcohols with acetic anhydride (C14H3CO)2O or (CH33CO)2O.- VII. Application of thin-layer chromatography in chemical and biochemical investigations with radioisotopes.- Bibliography to Chapter G, Isotope Techniques.- H. Theoretical Aspects of Thin-Layer Chromatography.- General Remarks.- I. General theory of chromatography.- 1. An introductory experiment.- 2. Another experiment.- 3. The model.- 4. The chromatographic column.- a) Comparison with the model.- b) Developing a chromatogram.- c) Elution.- d) Estimation of the number of theoretical plates and of the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP).- e) Gross deviations from ideal behavior.- 5. Summary and concluding remarks.- II. Chromatographic behavior and chemical structure.- 1. Relations of the partition coefficient and phase ratio to the Rf-value and retention volume.- 2. Qualitative rules.- 3. Quantitative relations: the Martin-relation.- a) Definition of the Rm-value.- b) Application of the Rm-value.- c) Exceptions.- III. Particularities of thin-layer chromatography.- 1. Features analogous to paper chromatography.- a) Migration and distribution of the solvent, Rf and Rm values.- ?) Single component solvents.- ?) Multicomponent solvents; chromatographic demixing of the solvent.- b) Quantitative evaluation of thin-layer chromatograms.- 2. Differences between thin-layer chromatography and paper chromatography.- 3. Relations to column chromatography.- Addendum: Displacement and ion exchange on thin-layer chromatograms.- List of symbols.- Bibliography to Chapter H, Theoretical Aspects of Thin-Layer Chromatography.- Special Section.- Mixture to be separated.- Solvent.- Adsorbent.- A. Aliphatic Lipids.- I. Introduction.- 1. Neutral lipids and their hydrolysis products.- 2. Phospholipids, sulpholipids, and glycolipids.- 3. Older methods of lipid analysis.- 4. New procedures for the fractionation of lipids.- 5. Preparation of the sample for analysis.- a) Homogenization and extraction.- Preparation of vegetable lipids.- Extraction of animal lipids.- b) Saponification and esterification.- II. Thin-layer chromatography of lipids.- 1. Separation of lipids according to classes of compounds.- a) Neutral lipids and their hydrolysis products.- Experimental conditions.- Applications and results.- ?) Fats, oils, and waxes.- ?) Free fatty acids and simple fatty acid derivatives.- b) Phospholipids, sulpholipids, and glycolipids.- Experimental conditions.- Applications and results.- c) Applications of thin-layer chromatography for structural analysis of lipids.- 2. Fractionation of homologous series.- a) Procedures for fractionating short-chain compounds.- Experimental conditions.- b) Procedures for separating long-chain compounds.- Experimental conditions.- Applications and results.- 3. Separation of lipids according to their degree of unsaturation.- a) Preparation of mercuric acetate derivatives.- b) Experimental conditions.- c) Recovery of derivatives.- d) Application and results.- 4. Separation of cis-trans isomers.- 5. Discussion.- Bibliography to Chapter A, Aliphatic Lipids.- B. Terpene Derivatives, Essential Oils, Balsams, and Resins.- I. Separation of lipophilic, steam-volatile mixtures.- II. Chromatographic separation of lipophilic, steam-volatile mixtures.- 1. Mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons.- 2. Oxides and peroxides.- 3. Esters of terpene alcohols.- 4. Aldehydes and ketones.- 5. Mono- and sesquiterpene alcohols.- 6. Phenylpropane and phenol derivatives.- 7. Diterpene derivatives.- 8. Triterpenes and derivatives.- 9. Polyterpenes.- 10. Essential oils (natural mixtures of terpene derivatives).- 11. Resins and balsams.- Bibliography to Chapter B, Terpene Derivatives.- C. Vitamins.- I. Introduction.- II. Method (General observations).- III. Thin-Layer chromatography of fat-soluble vitamins.- 1. Mixed fat-soluble vitamins.- 2. Carotenoids (provitamins A).- a) Conditions of separation and results.- b) Detection and evaluation.- 3. The A vitamins.- a) Condition of separation and results.- b) Detection and evaluation.- 4. The D vitamins.- a) Conditions of separation and results.- b) Detection and evaluation.- c) Determination of vitamin D in various preparations.- 5. Tocopherols (vitamin E).- a) Conditions of separation and results.- b) Detection and evaluation.- 6. K vitamins and ubiquinones.- a) Conditions of separation and results.- b) Detection and evaluation.- IV. Thin-layer chromatography of water-soluble vitamins.- 1. Mixed water-soluble vitamins.- 2. Thiamine (vitamin B1).- 3. Riboflavin (vitamin B2).- 4. The vitamin B6-group.- 5. Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide.- 6. Pantothenic acid and panthenol.- 7. Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12).- 8. Folic acid.- 9. Biotin.- 10. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C).- Bibliography to Chapter C, Vitamins.- D. Steroids (Sterols; Pregnane-, Androstane-, and Estrane-Compounds; Bile Acids and Cardiac Glycosides).- I. General introduction.- 1. Structures and nomenclature.- 2. Chromatographic behavior.- II. The sterols.- 1. Separation, detection and hRf-values.- 2. Cholesterol and cholesteryl esters.- a) Ratio cholesterol: cholesteryl esters.- b) Fractionation of cholesteryl ester fraction.- c) Quantitative evaluation of cholesterol separation.- d) Two-dimensional TLC of cholesteryl esters.- e) Determination of acid in a cholesteryl ester (alkaline saponification).- III. The C21-, C19- and C18 Steroids.- 1. Separation of steroids on Silica Gel G layers.- 2. Survey of the literature concerning TLC of steroids.- 3. Detection of separated steroids with spray reagents.- 4. Special applications of TLC in the steroid field.- a) Investigation of the stability of estrone derivatives in tablets.- b) Rapid analysis for the control of enzymatic steroid conversions.- c) Detection of steroids in human urine.- IV. Bile acids.- V. Cardiac glycosides.- Bibliography to Chapter D, Steroids.- E. Organic Bases.- I. Alkaloids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Procedure for systematic analysis of alkaloids.- a) Allocation to groups and determination of optimum amounts for application.- b) Group I, alkaloids with hRf-values from 0-30.- c) Group II, alkaloids with hRf-values over 30.- 3. Classes of alkaloids.- a) Opium alkaloids.- b) Tropane alkaloids.- c) Indole alkaloids.- d) Ipecacuanha alkaloids.- e) Alkaloids of various classes.- II. "Simple" indole derivatives.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Preparation of material for analysis.- 3. Coating materials and solvents.- 4. Two-dimensional development.- 5. Detection.- a) Chemical methods of detection.- b) Biological test of the growth regulators activity.- 6. Further applications.- III. Amines.- 1. Thin-layer chromatography of amines.- 2. Thin-layer electrophoresis of amines.- 3. Detection.- IV. Organic Bases in tars.- Bibliography to Chapter E, Organic Bases.- F. Pharmaceutical Products.- I. Groups of therapeutical materials.- 1. Analgesics, antipyretics and antirheumatics.- 2. Analeptics.- a) Purines.- b) Coramin, Pentetrazol, Micoren, Benegride, Camphor, Lobeline.- 3. Thin-layer chromatography of various anti-histaminics of the phenothiazine series and of psychologically active products.- 4. Bacteriostatic and bactericidal substances.- a) Pharmaceutical phenols, tars and tar-oil components.- b) Thin-layer chromatography of sulphonamides.- c) Antibiotics.- ?) Penicillins.- ?) Miscellaneous classes.- ?) Tetracyclines.- 5. Hypnotics.- 6. Local anaesthetics.- 7. Thyreostatics.- 8. Sympathomimetic drugs.- II. Commercial preparations.- III. Use of TLC in toxicological investigations.- IV. Stability tests for pharmaceutical substances by TLC.- 1. Stability tests for preparations containing nicotinic acid esters.- 2. Stability tests of pharmaceutical preparations containing phenol esters.- 3. Preparation containing steroid esters.- 4. Stability test for ?4-17 ?-hydroxyestrone derivatives.- 5. Stability test for preparations containing nicotinamide.- 6. Stability test for the neuroleptic perphenazine.- 7. Test for 1-N-methyl-piperidyl-(4?)-pyrazolones.- 8. Breakdown of Chlorodiazepoxide in acidic medium.- 9. Stability of a preparation containing ergot alkaloids (Guttae secalis "Stada").- Bibliography to Chapter F, Pharmaceutical Products.- G. Thin-Layer Chromatography in Clinical Diagnosis and Pharmacology.- I. Introduction.- II. Excretion products in urine.- 1. Metabolism of steroids in humans.- a) Observations on the female cycle.- b) Early pregnancy test.- ?) Hydrolysis and extraction from urine.- ?) TLC of extracts.- ?) Recognition and evaluation.- c) Further methods for detection of steroids.- 2. Metabolites of drugs.- III. Lipids in faeces and in faecaliths.- IV. Investigation of substances in blood (serum).- Determination of alcohol in blood.- a) Extraction and esterification.- b) Preparation of standard solution.- c) Application of the DNB ester solution under investigation and comparison of spot sizes.- V. Organ extracts.- Determination of adrenaline and noradrenaline in suprarenals.- Bibliography to Chapter G, Thin-Layer Chromatography in Clinical Diagnosis and Pharmacology.- H. Synthetic Organic Materials.- I. Synthetic dyestuffs.- 1. Fat-soluble dyestuffs.- 2. Water soluble dyes.- a) Indicator dyes.- b) Dyes for microscopy.- c) Ink and staining dyes.- d) Cellulose and wool dyes.- e) Synthetic food colors.- II. Substances in food and household articles.- 1. Antioxidants and preservatives.- 2. Plasticizers.- 3. Alcohols and acids.- a) C1 to C4-alcohols.- b) Glycerol and glycols.- c) Organic acids.- 4. Insecticides.- Pyrethrin and synergists.- 5. Artificial flavors and sweeteners.- a) Artificial sweeteners (saccharin, dulcin).- b) Flavors.- III. Other additives and synthetic products.- 1. Polyphenyl mixtures (organic cooling agents for reactors).- 2. Ferrocene derivatives.- 3. Detection of organo-tin stabilizers.- 4. Cyclourethane, phosphineoxide etc..- 5. Nitramine explosives.- 6. Photochemicals.- Bibliography to Chapter H, Synthetic Organic Materials.- I. Hydrophilic Constituents of Plants.- I. Natural ?- and ?-pyrone derivatives.- 1. Concentration from plant material.- 2. Coating materials and solvents.- a) Column chromatography of fiavonoids.- b) Thin-layer chromatography.- ?) Silica Gel G layers.- Relation between Rf values and chemical structure.- ?) Polyamide layers.- 3. Visualization.- II. Lichen components.- III. Phloroglucinol butanones (Filix phloroglucides).- IV. Anthracene derivatives.- V. Phenolic carboxylic acids and their derivatives.- VI. Bitter principles and saponins.- 1. Bitter principles.- 2. Saponins.- Bibliography to Chapter I, Hydrophilic Constituents of Plants.- J. Amino Acids and Derivatives.- I. Introduction.- II. General technique.- 1. Method for layer preparation.- 2. Sample application and running of chromatograms.- a) Application of samples.- b) Solvent.- c) Ascending technique.- d) Horizontal technique.- e) Temperature.- f) Length of run.- III Amino acids.- 1. Preparation of solution to be spotted.- 2. Hydrolysis of proteins and peptides.- a) Acid hydrolysis.- b) Alkaline hydrolysis.- 3. Free amino acids in biological material.- a) Separation of amino acids from proteins and polysaccharides.- b) Destruction of urea.- c) Desalting.- d) Removal of lipids.- e) Examples.- 4. Solvents and their efficiency for amino acid separation.- One-phase systems.- Two-phase systems.- Supplementary notes.- 5. Detection of amino acids on the chromatogram.- a) Ninhydrin.- b) Chlorine/tolidine test.- c) Other reagents.- IV. Peptides.- V. N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-amino acids and 3-phenyl-2-thiohydantoins.- A. Dinitrophenyl amino acids.- 1. Dinitrophenylation.- a) Amino acids.- ?) Preparation of DNP-amino acids.- ?) Quantitative dinitrophenylation of a mixture of amino acids.- b) Peptides.- ?) Dinitrophenylation according to Lockhart and Abraham.- ?) Total hydrolysis of a DNP peptide.- c) Polypeptides and proteins.- ?) Dinitrophenylation.- ?) Partial hydrolysis of a DNP-protein.- ?) Total hydrolysis of a DNP-protein.- ?) Separation of DNP amino acids from a total hydrolyzate.- 2. Solvents and efficiency of separation.- a) Solvents for chromatography of acid and water-soluble DNP-amino acids not extractable by ether.- b) Solvents for chromatography of acid-insoluble DNP amino acids extractable by ether.- ?) Solvents for general separation.- ?) Solvents for special problems.- 3. Documentation.- B. Phenylthiohydantoins.- 1. Preparation of phenylthiocarbamyl derivatives and transformation into PTH-amino acids.- a) Amino acids.- ?) Preparation of the PTH-amino acids.- ?) Quantitative conversion of an amino acid mixture into PTH-amino acids.- b) Peptides.- 2. Solvents and efficiency of separation.- 3. Detection of phenylthiohydantoins.- VI. Thin-Layer Iononophoresis and Thin-Layer Ionophoresis-Chromatography.- 1. Thin-layer ionophoresis.- 2. Thin-layer ionophoresis-chromatography.- Bibliography to Chapter J, Amino Acids and Derivatives.- K. Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides.- I. Introduction.- 1. Nucleic acids and their hydrolysis products.- 2. Nucleotide coenzymes.- 3. Older methods of nucleic acid analysis.- 4. Newer methods for the separation of nucleic acid hydrolyzates and of nucleotide coenzymes.- 5. The U.V. spectra of nucleic acid derivatives.- 6. Color reactions.- a) The Dische-reaction.- b) The reaction of v. Euler and Hahn.- 7. Procedures for the isolation of nucleic acids.- a) Preparation of sodium desoxyribonucleate from calf thymus according to Signer and Sohwander.- b) Isolation of sodium ribonucleate from animal tissues according to Vo?kin and Carter.- 8. Methods for the hydrolysis of nucleic acids.- a) Acid hydrolysis.- b) Alkaline hydrolysis.- c) Enzymatic hydrolysis.- II. Thin-layer chromatography of nucleic acid derivatives.- 1. Chromatography on cellulose and on silica gel.- Experimental conditions.- a) The stationary phase.- b) Solvents.- c) Detection methods.- Applications and results.- 2. Separation by ion-exchange chromatography.- Experimental conditions.- a) The ion-exchanger.- b) Solvents.- c) Detection methods.- Applications and results.- 3. Discussion.- Bibliography to Chapter K, Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides.- L. Sugars and Derivatives.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Layers and solvent systems.- a) Kieselguhr G layers for trace analysis, according to Stahl and Kaltenbach.- b) Silica Gel G-boric acid layers, according to Pastuska.- c) Silica Gel G- and Alusil layers, according to Waldi.- ?) For "active" and "inactive" Alusil layers.- ?) For "inactive" Alusil layers.- ?) For Silica Gel G layers.- 3. Visualization.- 4. Quantitative determination.- 5. Thin-layer chromatography of sugar derivatives.- 6. Special applications.- Bibliography to Chapter L, Sugars and Derivatives.- M. Thin-Layer Chromatography or Inorganic Ions.- I. General.- II. Theoretical considerations in inorganic thin-layer chromatography.- III. Preparation of sample solutions and plates for thin-layer chromatography.- 1. Separation procedure.- 2. Treatment and mineralization.- 3. Purification of Silica Gel G for thin-layer chromatography of inorganic ions.- 4. Preparation of layers.- IV. Thin-layer chromatography of groups of cations.- 1. Fractionation of the Cu-group (solution I).- 2. Fractionation of the (NH4)2 S-group (solution II).- 3. Fractionation of the ammonium carbonate group (solution III).- 4. Fractionation of the alkali group (solution IV).- 5. Separation of UVI and GaIII from cation mixtures.- V. Thin-layer chromatography of anions.- 1. Fractionation of halides.- 2. Fractionation of phosphates.- Bibliography to Chapter M, Thin-Layer chromatography of Inorganic Ions.- N. Spray Reagents for Thin-Layer Chromatography.- I. Notes on spraying.- II. Notes on the preparation of reagents.- III. Preparation and use of spraying reagents.- O. Terminology of Thin-Layer Chromatography (English-German-French).- P. Commercial Suppliers.- Conversion table for Rf into Rm and vice versa.- Author Index.