A. Advances.- Recent Advances in Stem Cell Neurobiology.- Abstract.- to Stem Cell Nomenclature.- Early Neural Development and Origins of Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells.- Origin and Culture of ES cells.- Manipulation of ES cells as a Source of Neural Precursors for Transplantation.- Transplantation of ES cells.- Neural Precursors and Stem Cells from the Developing Embryonic CNS.- Origins of Neural Precursor Cells and Methods of Study in Vitro.- Epigenetic and Genetic Interventions for the Expansion of Rodent Neural Precursors in Vitro.- Methods for Propagation of Human Neural Precursors.- Directed Differentiation of Neural Precursors and Induction of Neural Phenotypes.- Transplantation of Neural Precursors using Experimental Model Systems.- Transplantation into the Embryonic and Neonatal CNS.- Transplantation into the Adult Mammalian Brain.- Transplantation of Rodent Neural Precursors.- Transplantation of Human Neural Precursors.- Immunological Considerations and Stem Cell Graft Rejection.- Neural Precursors as Cellular Vectors for Gene Delivery to the CNS.- Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Mammalian Brain.- Origins of the Adult-Derived Neural Stem Cell.- Physiological Significance of Adult Neural Stem Cells.- Plasticity of Adult Stem Cells.- Clinical Applications.- Commercial, Ethical and Legislative Considerations.- Glossary of Terms.- Acknowledgements.- References.- Mapping of the Neuronal Networks of Human Cortical Brain Functions.- Abstract.- Principles and Methodology.- Event-Related fMRI.- Electromagnetic Source Imaging.- Number of Recording Channels.- Source Localisation.- Intracranial Evoked Potentials.- Functional Maps.- Higher Order Visual Perception and Cognition.- Perception.- Face Recognition.- Mental Imagery.- Calculation.- Reasoning.- Stimulus Detection.- Executive Functions.- Language.- Memory.- Short-Term Memory.- Working Memory.- Long-Term Memory.- Attention.- Perspectives and Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- B. Technical Standards.- B. Technical Standards Cerebral Revascularization.- List of Abbreviations.- Abstract.- Historical Perspective.- Vascular Anastomoses.- Cerebral Revascularization.- The EC/IC Bypass Study.- Advances.- Conclusion.- Laboratory Training.- Experimental Anastomoses.- SEM Evaluation of Anastomoses.- Laboratory Procedures.- In Vitro Model Training.- In Vivo Model Training on the Rat.- Cadaver Training.- Learning the ELANA Technique.- In Vitro Model Training.- In Vivo Model Training on the Rabbit.- Pre-Operative Management.- Possible Indications.- Symptomatic Cerebral Ischemia.- Anterior Circulation.- The EC/IC Bypass Study (Again).- Searching the Subgroup.- Posterior Circulation.- Case Reports.- Clinical Series.- Intracranial Aneurysms.- Proximal Ligation of the Parent Vessels.- Anterior Circulation.- Case Reports.- Clinical Series.- Posterior Circulation.- Other Vascular Lesions.- Arterial Dissections.- Venous Reconstruction.- Moya-Moya Syndrome.- Bypass Surgery in Childhood and Adolescence.- Cranial Base Tumors.- Diagnostic Procedures.- Angiography.- TCD.- MRF.- CBF.- Pre-Operative Selection of Vessels.- Direct Reconstruction by Anastomosis or Graft.- Indirect Revascularization by Anastomosis or Graft.- Selection of Graft.- Surgical Procedures.- Anesthesia and Intra-Operative Monitoring.- Hypothermic Techniques.- Intra-Operative Angiography.- Doppler and Ultrasound Techniques.- Operative Position and Approaches.- Graft Preparation.- Using Papaverin or Not.- Distension and Spasm of the Vein.- Donor Vessel Preparation.- Recipient Vessel Preparation.- Indirect Revascularization.- Indirect Revascular ization Using the ELANA Technique.- Abstract.- Methods.- Animal Experiments.- Patients.- Results.- Patients.- Discussion.- Future Developments for the ELANA Technique.- Intra-Operative Complications.- Post-Operative Complications.- Technical Complications.- Early Graft Thrombosis.- Late Occlusion.- Tunnel Related Problems.- Cerebral Ischemia.- Rupture of Aneurysms in Aneurysm Surgery.- General Neurosurgical Complications.- Conclusions.- References.- Relative Indications for Radiosurgery and Microsurgery for Acoustic Schwannoma.- Abstract.- Historical Overview.- The Debate.- Technique.- The Gamma Knife.- Physics and Imaging.- Biology.- The Other Devices.- LINAC.- Others.- The Marseille Gamma Knife Experience.- Results after Gamma Knife.- Imaging Outcome.- Volume Changes.- Changes in Tissue Characteristics.- Failures.- Clinical Outcome.- Complications Including Mortality.- Facial Nerve.- Cochlear Nerve.- Functional Results and Quality of Life.- Neurofibromatosis 2.- Results with Other Devices.- Indications.- The Status of the Patient.- The Natural History of Vestibular Schwannoma and the Stage of the Specific Case.- The Physical Limitations of Radiosurgery.- Recommended Protocols for Patient Management.- Unilateral Schwannoma.- Type II Neurofibromatosis.- One Ear is Deaf.- The two Ears are Deaf.- The two Ears are still Hearing.- Tumours are Little and the Pons is not Deformed or Only Slightly.- Both Tumours are Large.- One Tumour is Large, the Other Small.- Recurrences and Post-Operative Residual Tumours.- Conclusion.- References.- Comments.- References.- The Management of Brain Abscesses.- Historical Perspective.- Epidemiology.- Pathogenesis.- Pathology.- Microbiology.- Clinical Picture.- Laboratory Findings.- Diagnostic Imaging.- Treatment.- Antibiotic Therapy.- Surgical Management.- Management.- Management of Multiple Abscesses.- Patients with AIDS.- Complications.- Prognosis.- Conclusions.- References.- Surgical Anatomy of the Temporal Lobe for Epilepsy Surgery.- Summary.- Descriptive Anatomy.- The Neocortical Temporal Lobe.- The Mesial Temporal Lobe.- The Association Fibers.- Short Association Fibers.- Long Ipsihemispheric Association Fascicles.- Interhemispheric Commissural Systems.- The Projection Fibers.- Functional Anatomy.- Cortical Areas.- Limbic System.- Vascular Anatomy.- Arterial Relationships.- Veins.- Anatomical Characteristics of the Various Modalities of Temporal Resections.- Conclusion.- References.