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In terms of the total population, China is truly a big nation; and in terms of the total economy, China is a truly big nation. However, in terms of per capita productivity, China is a small nation; and in terms per capita GDP, China's ranking drops behind 100 countries in the world. Many people knows that "lagging behind leaves one vulnerable to attacks," but not so many people understand why we are lagging behind. There are many prescriptions claiming to cure the disease of backwardness: through science and education, economic development or increased military power. But they fail to touch the root cause. Why is China what it is today? Why is Europe what it is today? Why is Japan what it is today? Why is the United States what it is today? As China pursues its rise as a powerful nation, what are the gaps? To rejuvenate the Chinese nation, we have a long way to go.