The Pahlavi Widēwdād (Vidēvdād), The Law (Serving to Keep) Demons Away, a fifth-century Middle Persian commentary on the Avestan Vidēvdād, describes regulations to prevent pollution in the perennial struggle against the forces of the Evil Spirit, thereby providing us with a perspective on the community's concerns and conduct.

Mahnaz Moazami, Ph.D. (Sorbonne, 1995) Associate Research Scholar, Columbia University, and Visiting Professor at the Graduate School of Jewish Studies, Yeshiva University, has written extensively on aspects of Zoroastrian tradition including Evil Animals in the Zoroastrian Religion (History of Religions, 2005).