Koen Leurs is a Marie Curie Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Media and Communications at the London School of Economics and Political Science and is affiliated with the Institute for Cultural Inquiry at the Graduate Gender Programme at Utrecht University.
Cover
Table of Contents
List of figures
List of tables
List of diagrams
Acknowledgements
Fig. 1: "Mocro's be like. Born Here," tweet @Nasrdin_Dchar (March 17, 2014)
Fig. 2: Geweigerd.nl website top banner (March 6, 2005).
1. Online/offline space and power relations
Fig. 3: Google.nl search for "Marokkanen" (June 28, 2012)
Digital divides
Internet platforms as passages
Space invader tactics
2. Digital identity performativity
Micro-politics
Intersectionality
Digital identities: Materiality, representation & affectivity
3. Moroccan-Dutchness in the context of the Netherlands
Deconstructing labels
4. The transnational habitus of second-generation migrant youth: From roots to routes
5. Hypertextual selves: Digital conviviality
6. Structure of the book
1. Methodological trajectory
Table 1: Time frame of different fieldwork activities
Constructing the survey
The power of definition
Survey sampling and access
Conducting the survey
Descriptive survey data about digital practices of Moroccan-Dutch youth
Diagram 1: Subcultural affiliations as expressed by the Moroccan-Dutch survey respondents (percentages, multiple answers possible, n = 344)
Table 2: Frequency of non-Internet media use among Moroccan-Dutch youth (percentages, n = 344)
Diagram 2: Locations where Moroccan-Dutch youth connect to the Internet (percentages, n = 344)
Diagram 3: Internet application user frequencies of Moroccan-Dutch youth (means, 5-point scale, n = 344)
Diagram 4: The attachment of Moroccan-Dutch youth to various Internet applications (means, 3-point scale, n = 344)
1.3 In-depth interviews
Interview sampling
Table 3: The interviewees; names are pseudonyms suggested by the informants
Doing interviews using participatory techniques
Fig. 4: Internet map made by Soesie, a thirteen-year-old girl
Reflexivity and power relations
Inside and outside school: The dynamics of interview settings
Fig. 5: Word cloud based on all Internet applications included in the Internet maps of the informants
1.4 Virtual ethnography
Publicly accessible digital field sites
Accessing closed digital field sites
1.5 Analyzing informants' narratives
Politics of translation
Coding
Fig. 6: Four different approaches to discourse analysis (Phillips and Hardy, 2002, p. 20)
1.6 Conclusions
2. Voices from the margins on Internet forums
Table 4: The importance of online discussion forums in the lives of Moroccan-Dutch youth (percentages, n = 344)
Marokko.nl and Chaima.nl
2.2 Theorizing Internet forums as subaltern counterpublics
Diagram 5: Attention for major news events on nl.politiek and Marokko.nl (adapted from Van Stekelenburg, Oegema & Klandermans, 2011, p. 263)
Fig. 7: "Average Moroccan boys look like this," forum user Mocro_s contesting Moroccan-Dutch masculinity (Mocro_s, 2007a)
Hush harbors
The carnivalesque
Networked power contradictions
Fig. 8: "Average Moroccan girls look like this," forum user Mocro_s contesting Moroccan-Dutch femininity (Mocro_s, 2007b)
Daring to break taboos: "I just want to know what 'the real deal' is"
2.5 Digital postsecularism: Performing Muslimness
Fig. 9: Forum user Mocro_s contesting Moroccan-Dutch religiosity (Mocro_s, 2007b)
Digital reconfigurations of religious authority
Voicing Muslimness
Fig. 10: Cartoon Overvaren (in English: Sailing Across) (Rafje.nl, 2011)
2.6 Conclusions
3. Expanding socio-cultural parameters of action using Instant messaging
3.1 Moroccan-Dutch youth using instant messaging
Table 5: The importance of instant messaging in the lives of Moroccan-Dutch youth (percentages, n = 344)
Fig. 11: Screenshot of an MSN Messenger conversation with twelve-year-old Soufian (July 22, 2011)
3.2 Theorizing instant messaging as a way of being in the world
3.3 The private backstage
Diagram 6: Topics Moroccan-Dutch youth report to discuss (graph shows percentages, n = 344)
Boundary making
Unstable boundaries: Risks and opportunities
3.4 The more public onstage
Display pictures and gender stereotypes
Display names and bricolage
A funky, informal writing style
3.5 Conclusions
Fig. 12: Hyves groups thirteen-year-old Anas linked to on his Hyves profile page (July 22, 2011)
4.1 Moroccan-Dutch youth on Hyves and Facebook
Table 6: The importance of social networking sites in the lives of Moroccan-Dutch youth (percentages, n = 344)
Diagram 7: Moroccan-Dutch youth self-reporting SNS profiling attributes (graph shows percentages, n = 344)
Motivations
Diagram 8: Reasons for participating in self-profiling on SNSs (multiple answers possible, graph shows percentages, n = 344)
Templates and user cultures
Neoliberal SNS logics
Fig. 13: Facebook advertisements (advertisements appeared on October 16, 2011, and January 11, 2012)
Teenager SNS logics
Selfie ideals
Diagram 9: Selfie ideals reported by Moroccan-Dutch youth (multiple answers possible, percentages, n = 344)
Meeting the gaze: Objectification and/or representation
Victimization and cautionary measures
Fig. 14: Still from Bezems 2010.!! uploaded by user Bezemswalla on YouTube (February 8, 2010)
In-betweenness
4.4 Hypertextual selves and the micro-politics of association
Fig. 15: Hyves groups Midia linked to on her Hyves profile page (April 15, 2009)
Cultural self-profiling as fandom
Fig. 16: "I'm a Berber Soldier," archived from http://imazighen.hyves.nl (September 19, 2009)
Diagram 10: Moroccan-Dutch youth cultural self-profiling on SNSs (multiple answers possible, graph shows percentages, n = 344)
Fig. 17: "Error," archived from http://trotsopmarokko.hyves.nl (October 23, 2009)
Fig. 18: "100% Marokaan," archived from http://trotsopmarokko.hyves.nl (October 23, 2009)
Differential networking
Table 7: Self-profiling cultural affiliations (n = 344 Moroccan-Dutch and 448 ethnic-majority Dutch respondents)
4.5 Conclusions
5. Affective geographies on YouTube
Table 8: The importance of YouTube in the lives of Moroccan-Dutch youth (percentages, n = 344)
The Ummah
Fitna
Fig. 19: Still from Kop of Munt, YouTube video uploaded by MUNT (October 20, 2009)
5.2 Theorizing the politics of YouTube
5.3 Theorizing affective geographies and YouTube use
5.4 Rooted belongings: Transnational affectivity
Fig. 20: Still from Marrakech, Morocco City Drive, YouTube video uploaded by eMoroccan (October 8, 2010)
5.5 Routed affective belongings across geographies
Diagram 11: Geographical locations of music artists interviewees look up on YouTube (percentages, multiple answers possible, n = 43)
Diagram 12: Geographical locations of artists interviewees combine in their YouTube viewing practices (percentages, n = 43)
5.6 Conclusions
Conclusions
1. Transdisciplinary dialogues
2. Methodological considerations
3. Digital inequality and spatial hierarchies
4. Space invader tactics and digital belonging
Bibliography
Appendix 1: Meet the informants
Index
Koen Leurs is a Marie Curie Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Media and Communications at the London School of Economics and Political Science and is affiliated with the Institute for Cultural Inquiry at the Graduate Gender Programme at Utrecht University.