Koen Leurs is a Marie Curie Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Media and Communications at the London School of Economics and Political Science and is affiliated with the Institute for Cultural Inquiry at the Graduate Gender Programme at Utrecht University.

Cover

Table of Contents

List of figures

List of tables

List of diagrams

Acknowledgements

Fig. 1: "Mocro's be like. Born Here," tweet @Nasrdin_Dchar (March 17, 2014)

Fig. 2: Geweigerd.nl website top banner (March 6, 2005).

1. Online/offline space and power relations

Fig. 3: Google.nl search for "Marokkanen" (June 28, 2012)

Digital divides

Internet platforms as passages

Space invader tactics

2. Digital identity performativity

Micro-politics

Intersectionality

Digital identities: Materiality, representation & affectivity

3. Moroccan-Dutchness in the context of the Netherlands

Deconstructing labels

4. The transnational habitus of second-generation migrant youth: From roots to routes

5. Hypertextual selves: Digital conviviality

6. Structure of the book

1. Methodological trajectory

Table 1: Time frame of different fieldwork activities

Constructing the survey

The power of definition

Survey sampling and access

Conducting the survey

Descriptive survey data about digital practices of Moroccan-Dutch youth

Diagram 1: Subcultural affiliations as expressed by the Moroccan-Dutch survey respondents (percentages, multiple answers possible, n = 344)

Table 2: Frequency of non-Internet media use among Moroccan-Dutch youth (percentages, n = 344)

Diagram 2: Locations where Moroccan-Dutch youth connect to the Internet (percentages, n = 344)

Diagram 3: Internet application user frequencies of Moroccan-Dutch youth (means, 5-point scale, n = 344)

Diagram 4: The attachment of Moroccan-Dutch youth to various Internet applications (means, 3-point scale, n = 344)

1.3 In-depth interviews

Interview sampling

Table 3: The interviewees; names are pseudonyms suggested by the informants

Doing interviews using participatory techniques

Fig. 4: Internet map made by Soesie, a thirteen-year-old girl

Reflexivity and power relations

Inside and outside school: The dynamics of interview settings

Fig. 5: Word cloud based on all Internet applications included in the Internet maps of the informants

1.4 Virtual ethnography

Publicly accessible digital field sites

Accessing closed digital field sites

1.5 Analyzing informants' narratives

Politics of translation

Coding

Fig. 6: Four different approaches to discourse analysis (Phillips and Hardy, 2002, p. 20)

1.6 Conclusions

2. Voices from the margins on Internet forums

Table 4: The importance of online discussion forums in the lives of Moroccan-Dutch youth (percentages, n = 344)

Marokko.nl and Chaima.nl

2.2 Theorizing Internet forums as subaltern counterpublics

Diagram 5: Attention for major news events on nl.politiek and Marokko.nl (adapted from Van Stekelenburg, Oegema & Klandermans, 2011, p. 263)

Fig. 7: "Average Moroccan boys look like this," forum user Mocro_s contesting Moroccan-Dutch masculinity (Mocro_s, 2007a)

Hush harbors

The carnivalesque

Networked power contradictions

Fig. 8: "Average Moroccan girls look like this," forum user Mocro_s contesting Moroccan-Dutch femininity (Mocro_s, 2007b)

Daring to break taboos: "I just want to know what 'the real deal' is"

2.5 Digital postsecularism: Performing Muslimness

Fig. 9: Forum user Mocro_s contesting Moroccan-Dutch religiosity (Mocro_s, 2007b)

Digital reconfigurations of religious authority

Voicing Muslimness

Fig. 10: Cartoon Overvaren (in English: Sailing Across) (Rafje.nl, 2011)

2.6 Conclusions

3. Expanding socio-cultural parameters of action using Instant messaging

3.1 Moroccan-Dutch youth using instant messaging

Table 5: The importance of instant messaging in the lives of Moroccan-Dutch youth (percentages, n = 344)

Fig. 11: Screenshot of an MSN Messenger conversation with twelve-year-old Soufian (July 22, 2011)

3.2 Theorizing instant messaging as a way of being in the world

3.3 The private backstage

Diagram 6: Topics Moroccan-Dutch youth report to discuss (graph shows percentages, n = 344)

Boundary making

Unstable boundaries: Risks and opportunities

3.4 The more public onstage

Display pictures and gender stereotypes

Display names and bricolage

A funky, informal writing style

3.5 Conclusions

Fig. 12: Hyves groups thirteen-year-old Anas linked to on his Hyves profile page (July 22, 2011)

4.1 Moroccan-Dutch youth on Hyves and Facebook

Table 6: The importance of social networking sites in the lives of Moroccan-Dutch youth (percentages, n = 344)

Diagram 7: Moroccan-Dutch youth self-reporting SNS profiling attributes (graph shows percentages, n = 344)

Motivations

Diagram 8: Reasons for participating in self-profiling on SNSs (multiple answers possible, graph shows percentages, n = 344)

Templates and user cultures

Neoliberal SNS logics

Fig. 13: Facebook advertisements (advertisements appeared on October 16, 2011, and January 11, 2012)

Teenager SNS logics

Selfie ideals

Diagram 9: Selfie ideals reported by Moroccan-Dutch youth (multiple answers possible, percentages, n = 344)

Meeting the gaze: Objectification and/or representation

Victimization and cautionary measures

Fig. 14: Still from Bezems 2010.!! uploaded by user Bezemswalla on YouTube (February 8, 2010)

In-betweenness

4.4 Hypertextual selves and the micro-politics of association

Fig. 15: Hyves groups Midia linked to on her Hyves profile page (April 15, 2009)

Cultural self-profiling as fandom

Fig. 16: "I'm a Berber Soldier," archived from http://imazighen.hyves.nl (September 19, 2009)

Diagram 10: Moroccan-Dutch youth cultural self-profiling on SNSs (multiple answers possible, graph shows percentages, n = 344)

Fig. 17: "Error," archived from http://trotsopmarokko.hyves.nl (October 23, 2009)

Fig. 18: "100% Marokaan," archived from http://trotsopmarokko.hyves.nl (October 23, 2009)

Differential networking

Table 7: Self-profiling cultural affiliations (n = 344 Moroccan-Dutch and 448 ethnic-majority Dutch respondents)

4.5 Conclusions

5. Affective geographies on YouTube

Table 8: The importance of YouTube in the lives of Moroccan-Dutch youth (percentages, n = 344)

The Ummah

Fitna

Fig. 19: Still from Kop of Munt, YouTube video uploaded by MUNT (October 20, 2009)

5.2 Theorizing the politics of YouTube

5.3 Theorizing affective geographies and YouTube use

5.4 Rooted belongings: Transnational affectivity

Fig. 20: Still from Marrakech, Morocco City Drive, YouTube video uploaded by eMoroccan (October 8, 2010)

5.5 Routed affective belongings across geographies

Diagram 11: Geographical locations of music artists interviewees look up on YouTube (percentages, multiple answers possible, n = 43)

Diagram 12: Geographical locations of artists interviewees combine in their YouTube viewing practices (percentages, n = 43)

5.6 Conclusions

Conclusions

1. Transdisciplinary dialogues

2. Methodological considerations

3. Digital inequality and spatial hierarchies

4. Space invader tactics and digital belonging

Bibliography

Appendix 1: Meet the informants

Index

Koen Leurs is a Marie Curie Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Media and Communications at the London School of Economics and Political Science and is affiliated with the Institute for Cultural Inquiry at the Graduate Gender Programme at Utrecht University.