Chapter 1 Photocatalytic and Adsorptive Removal of Textile Industrial Waste with Carbon-based Nanomaterials

Abstract

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Carbon-Based Photocatalysts

1.3 Binary and Ternary Carbon-based photocatalysts

1.3.1 Graphite

1.3.2 GO

1.3.3 rGO

1.3.4 CNT

1.3.5 Other Promising Carbon Materials

1.4 Application of Carbon-based Materials in Wastewater Treatment

1.5 Performances and Mechanisms of Catalytic Materials

1.6 Conclusion and Prospective Application

1.7 References

Chapter 2 Syntheses and Applications of Nanomaterial-Based Photocatalytic Air Purifier

Abstract

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Properties of Purified Air

2.3 The Synthesis of Mixed-Phase Nanomaterials Photocatalysts

2.3.1 Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Methods

2.3.2 Sol-Gel Method

2.3.3 Solvent Mixing and Calcination Method

2.3.4 Physical Deposition

2.4 The Modifications of Substrate

2.4.1 TiO2- Alkaline earth metals

2.4.2 TiO2- Transition Metals

2.4.3 TiO2-Inorganic Compound

2.4.4 TiO2-Metal Oxide

2.4.5 TiO2- Reactive nonmetals

2.5 Photocatalytic Gas Reduction

2.6 Conclusion and Outlook

2.7 References

Chapter 3 A Recent Review on Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction in Generating Sustainable Carbon-Based Fuels

Abstract

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Fundamentals and Mechanisms of Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction

3.2.1 Thermodynamics of Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction

3.2.2 Process of Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction

3.2.3 Mechanisms and Kinetics of Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction

3.3 Experimental Preparation and Setup

3.4 Photocatalyst Types, Selection and Preparation

3.4.1 Binary Metal System Photocatalysts

3.4.2 Ternary Metal System Photocatalysts

3.4.3 Quaternary Metal System Photocatalysts

3.5 Important Parameters

3.6 Product Characterization and Analysis

3.7 Product Selectivity

3.8 Challenges and Opportunities

3.9 Conclusion

3.10 Reference

Chapter 4 Photocatalysts Heterojunction Bismuth-Based and with Halides BiOBr_xI_1-X Nitrogen Fixation: Fundamentals, Latest Advances, and Future Perspectives

Abstract

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation Process.

4.2.1 Properties of Nitrogen Molecules

4.2.2 Photocatalytic Fixation of Nitrogen to Ammonia

4.3 Related Research Works

4.3.1 Nitrogen Fixation with Different Catalytic Materials

4.3.2 Reaction Mechanism and Yield of NH₃

4.4 Application of Hetero-structured Photocatalysts in Artificial Nitrogen Fixation

4.4.1 Principles of Heterojunction Photocatalysts

4.4.2 Conventional Heterojunction Photocatalytic Systems

4.4.3 p-n Heterojunction Photocatalytic System

4.4.4 Z-Scheme Photocatalytic Systems

4.5 Conventional Heterojunction Photocatalytic System

4.5.1. Type-I Heterojunction.

4.5.2. Type-II Heterojunction.

4.5.3. Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalytic System

4.6 Existing Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Prospects.

Chapter 5 Semiconductor-Based Photocatalytic Oxygen Evolution from Water Splitting: Light- Driven Energy Conversion and Storage

Abstract

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1. Water Splitting for Energy Conversion and Storage

5.1.2. Fundamental Processes in Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting

5.1.3. Semiconductors for Water Splitting

5.2. Climate Change and the Need for Renewable Energy

5.2.1 The Potential of Solar Energy

5.2.3 Harnessing Solar Energy

5.2.1 Storing Solar Energy

5.3 Photocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution

5.3.1. TiO₂

5.3.2. BiVO₄

5.3.3. WO₃

5.3.4. Fe₂O₃

5.4. Strategies for Enhancing Photocatalytic Oxygen Evolution

5.4.1. Cocatalysts Loading

5.4.2. Heterojunction Construction

5.4.3. Doping and Vacancy Formation

5.5 Photogenerated Charge Separation and Charge Recombination

5.5.1 Strategies for Enhancing the Efficiency of Charge Separation

5.5.2 Improving Light Absorption

5.5.2 UV Light Photocatalysts

5.5.3 Visible Light Photocatalysts

5.5.4 Improving Efficiency

5.6 Challenges, and Future Perspectives

5.7 References

Chapter 6 General outlooks and prospectives

Index

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Dr. Hairus Abdullah has been a lecturer and researcher in the Faculty of Technology and Computer Science, Department of Industrial Engineering, Universitas Prima Indonesia, Medan, Indonesia, since 2012. He received his doctoral degree from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (NTUST), in 2016. During 2015-2021, he published more than 50 scientific SCI papers, majoring in photocatalysis, including hydrogen evolution reaction, hydrogenation of toxic species, antibacterial application, and electrocatalysis. Recently, his works have been extended to the fields of photoelectrochemistry and supercapacitors. The research works have been done in collaboration between the Department of Industrial Engineering and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTUST. In addition, he received World-Class Research (WCR) funding from the Ministry of research and technology of Indonesia in 2019. He was selected as one of the best 500 researchers in Indonesia in 2020. He also served as a reviewer for some journals such as the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Chemical Engineering Journal, Materials Chemistry and Physics, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, ACS publication, and Journal of Electronic Materials.