Guya Accornero is a senior researcher fellow in political science at the Centre for Research and Studies in Sociology, Lisbon University Institute (IUL) - with a grant of the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, grant number FCT-IF/00223/2012) - and invited professor at the same University. She collaborates with the 'Barometer of News' of the IUL Journalism School. She has been visiting researcher at the Centre for Advanced Studies in Social Sciences of the Juan March Foundation, Madrid; at the Lausanne University Research Centre on Political Action and at the CUNY-Graduate Centre, New York City. Her research interests include contentious politics, radicalization, political violence, repression, anti-austerity protest, housing and anti-gentrification movements. Besides several book-chapters, she has published articles in the journals West European Politics, Democratization, Cultures & Conflicts, Análise Social, Storia e Problemi Contemporanei, Historein, Estudos Ibero-Americanos, and Journal of Contemporary Religion. She is the co-editor of the book Percorsi. Scienze sociali tra Italia e Portogallo (BraDypUS).

List of Illustrations
Acknowledgements

Introduction

List of Abbreviations

Chapter 1. Two Decades that Shook the World, 1956-1974

• 
  Old structures and new conflicts


• 
  Student networks and repertories under the New State

Chapter 2. The First Protest Cycle: 1956-1965

• 
  The weakening of the Salazarist system


• 
  The academic crisis of 1962


• 
  The end of the protest cycle

Chapter 3. 'The Marcelo's Spring' and the Opening of a Second Protest Cycle

• 
  Marcelism


• 
  Mobilization resources and repertoire


• 
  The divergent paths of student contestation in Coimbra and Lisbon

Chapter 4. Protest Cycle or Permanent Conflict?

• 
  The new objectives of the student movement


• 
  The University of Lisbon: 'an authentic boiler of revolutionaries'

Chapter 5. The Demise of the New State

• 
  The end of the regime: mechanisms and processes


• 
  Students and the revolution


• 
  The ancient regime and the revolution

Conclusions: Social Movements and Authoritarianism: A Paradoxical Relationship

Bibliography
Sources

Histories of Portugal's transition to democracy have long focused on the 1974 military coup that toppled the authoritarian Estado Novo regime and set in motion the divestment of the nation's colonial holdings. However, the events of this "Carnation Revolution" were in many ways the culmination of a much longer process of resistance and protest originating in universities and other sectors of society. Combining careful research in police, government, and student archives with insights from social movement theory, The Revolution before the Revolution broadens our understanding of Portuguese democratization by tracing the societal convulsions that preceded it over the course of the "long 1960s."