List of Illustrations
Acknowledgements

Introduction

List of Abbreviations

Chapter 1. Two Decades that Shook the World, 1956-1974

• 
  Old structures and new conflicts


• 
  Student networks and repertories under the New State

Chapter 2. The First Protest Cycle: 1956-1965

• 
  The weakening of the Salazarist system


• 
  The academic crisis of 1962


• 
  The end of the protest cycle

Chapter 3. 'The Marcelo's Spring' and the Opening of a Second Protest Cycle

• 
  Marcelism


• 
  Mobilization resources and repertoire


• 
  The divergent paths of student contestation in Coimbra and Lisbon

Chapter 4. Protest Cycle or Permanent Conflict?

• 
  The new objectives of the student movement


• 
  The University of Lisbon: 'an authentic boiler of revolutionaries'

Chapter 5. The Demise of the New State

• 
  The end of the regime: mechanisms and processes


• 
  Students and the revolution


• 
  The ancient regime and the revolution

Conclusions: Social Movements and Authoritarianism: A Paradoxical Relationship

Bibliography
Sources

Histories of Portugal's transition to democracy have long focused on the 1974 military coup that toppled the authoritarian Estado Novo regime and set in motion the divestment of the nation's colonial holdings. However, the events of this "Carnation Revolution" were in many ways the culmination of a much longer process of resistance and protest originating in universities and other sectors of society. Combining careful research in police, government, and student archives with insights from social movement theory, The Revolution before the Revolution broadens our understanding of Portuguese democratization by tracing the societal convulsions that preceded it over the course of the "long 1960s."

Guya Accornero is an Assistant Professor in Political Science at the Lisbon University Institute (ISCTE-IUL) and co-chair of the Research Group on 'Politics and Citizenship' at CIES-IUL. She is the Principal Investigator of the FCT funded Project 'HOPES: HOusing PErspectives and Struggles', and co-chair of the Council of European Studies Research Network Social Movements. Her main area of teaching and research are social movements, digital activism, policing protest, radicalism, gentrification and housing activism, citizenship. She has published articles in four languages in journals including Mobilization, Social Movement Studies, Journal of Contemporary Religion, West European Politics, Estudos Ibero-Americanos, Democratization, Cultures et Conflits, Historein. She is the co-editor (with Olivier Fillieule) of the book Social Movement Studies in Europe (2016 Berghahn Books).